Notes
Chapter 1: The Ebb and Flow of John F. Kennedy
F. Kennedy, “Remarks at the America’s Cup Dinner Given by the Australian Ambassador, September 14, 1962,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/JFK-Speeches/Americas-Cup-Dinner_19620914.aspx.
J. Czarnecki, “When the Kennedy Family Lived in Westchester County,” Westchester Historian 93, no. 2 (Spring 2017): 39.
Plea for a Raise by Jack Kennedy; Dedicated to my Mr. J. P. Kennedy,” letter from John F. Kennedy to Joseph Kennedy, Sr., February 1932, in John F. Kennedy, The Letters of John F. ed. Martin W. Sandler (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2013), 6.
A. Perry, Rose Kennedy: The Life and Times of a Political Matriarch (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 11–16.
Kennedy Dies,” March 1, 1995.
Barksdale Maynard, Walden Pond: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 265–66.
interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007.
David Thoreau, Walden; or, Life in the Woods, and On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (New York: Rinehart, 1948).
F. Kennedy, Jr., American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family (New York: HarperCollins, 2018), 47.
Kennedy Smith, The Nine of Us: Growing Up Kennedy (New York: HarperCollins, 2016), 103.
W. Graham, Victura: The Kennedys, a Sailboat, and the Sea (Lebanon, NH: ForeEdge, 2014), 17–18, 29–31, 49–51.
David Thoreau, Cape Cod (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1864), reprinted in The Writings of Henry David vol. 5 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), 272–73.
Beston, The Outermost House: A Year in the Life on the Great Beach of Cape Cod (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1928).
Beston, Especially Maine; The Natural World of Henry Beston from Cape Cod to the St. Lawrence (Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Greene Press, 1970), 24.
interview with Kerry Kennedy (Rose’s granddaughter), August 17, 2015.
The Outermost 43.
Beston, 79, Author, Is Dead,” New York April 17, 1968, 47, https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/17/archives/henry-beston-79-author-is-dead-his-outermost-house-told-of-life.html.
Frost, “West-Running Brook,” in West-Running Brook (New York: Henry Holt, 1928), 35.
interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007; Thoreau, 263.
Brinkley, Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America (New York: HarperCollins, 2016), 135.
171–75.
Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (New York, UK: Oxford University Press, 2011), 38.
J. Murphy, “The Making of JFK,” America in August 2008, 29.
in Graham, 157.
American 31.
interview with Jean Kennedy Smith, May 15, 2008.
Fisher, Mountain Man (New York: William Morrow, 1965), preface.
Allen Murphy, Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 2003), 20.
O. Douglas, Of Men and Mountains (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), 329.
292.
D. Foster, “Bureau of Land Management Primitive Areas—Are They Counterfeit Wilderness?,” Natural Resources
F. Simon, Independent Journey: The Life of William O. Douglas (Berkeley: University of California, 1980), 7.
Deane, “Where the Kennedys and Gores Played,” Washington February 14, 2004.
O. Douglas, The Court Years, 1939–1975: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 1980), 301.
Tuan, Topophlia: A Study of Perceptions (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).
O. Douglas, My Wilderness: East to Katahdin (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961), 290.
Feldman, Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of Great Supreme Court Justices (New York: Twelve Publishing, 2010), 171.
interview with William Haskell Alsup (Douglas’s Supreme Court clerk, 1971 to 1973), July 6,
John Yannacone, Jr., to author, February 25, 2021.
O’Brien, John F. Kennedy: A Biography (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005), 78–79.
F. Kennedy to Lem Billings, May 15, 1936, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, Massachusetts, JFKL.
S. Britell, “Kennedy at Harvard,” Harvard November 4, 1960. See also John Clarke, “Selling J.F.K.’s Boat,” New May 19, 2015.
in Nigel Hamilton, JFK: Reckless Youth (New York: Random House, 1992), 513.
Chapter 2: Harry Truman
in Mark Fiege, The Republic of Nature (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012), 310.
R. Fehner and F. G. Gosling, Battlefield of the Cold vol. 1, The Nevada Test Site, Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1951–1963 (Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, 2006), 26–28.
Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986), 676.
G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., The New World 1939–46: A History of the United States Atomic Energy vol. 1 (University Park, PA: Penn State University, 1962), 379.
Constandina Titus, Bombs in the Backyard: Atomic Testing and American Politics (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986), 16.
14.
The Making of the Atomic 736.
in Bruce Allen Murphy, Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 2003), 608.
in Paul Boyer, By the Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 5–7.
Cousins, Modern Man Is Obsolete (New York: Viking, 1946), 3–24.
Cousins, Albert Schweitzer’s Mission: Healing and Peace (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985); Norman Cousins, Dr. Schweitzer of Lambaréné (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960).
Cousins, “Modern Man Is Obsolete,” Saturday Review of August 18, 1945, 5–7, https://rachelcarsoncouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/RCC.Cousins.-SatRev.ModernMan.pdf.
B. White, “Notes and Comment,” New August 18, 1945, 13.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks of John F. Kennedy, United War Fund Appeal, Boston, Massachusetts, October 8, 1945,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/boston-ma-19451008.
M. Blades and Joseph M. Siracusa, A History of U.S. Nuclear Testing and Its Influence on Nuclear Thought, 1945–1963 (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 165.
in Titus, Bombs in the 42.
Warren, “Conclusions: Tests Proved Irresistible Spread of Radioactivity,” August 11, 1947, 88.
Testing Legacy Is ‘Cruelest’ Environmental Injustice, Warns Rights Expert,” UN News, July 16, 2020, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1068481.
C. Hacker, Elements of Controversy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 6–9.
H. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim: the Life and Times of Harold vol. 2 (New York: Henry Holt, 1990), 118.
Ickes, “Should Congress Vest Ownership of the Tidelands in the States?,” Congressional October 1, 1943, 255.
L. Ickes Dead at 77; Colorful Figure in New Deal,” New York February 4, 1952, 1, 18, https://www.nytimes.com/1952/02/04/archives/harold-l-ickes-dead-at-77-colorful-figure-in-new-deal-selfstyled.html.
Davenport and Lisa Friedman, “Interior Dept. Report on Drilling Is Mostly Silent on Climate Change,” New York November 27, 2021, A19, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/climate/climate-change-drilling-public-lands.html.
Pearson, “The Washington Merry-Go-Round,” syndicated column, November 16, 1949.
Grunwald, “Harry Truman, South Florida, and the Changing Political Geography of American Conservation,” in The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. ed. Karl Boyd Brooks (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2009), 75.
Raimi, The Fracking Debate: The Risks, Benefits, and Uncertainties of the Shale Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018), 14.
Berry, Our Only World: Ten Essays (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint Press, 2015), 24.
in Mark Harvey, “Sound Politics: Wilderness, Recreation, and Motors in the Boundary Waters, 1945–1964,” Minnesota Fall 2002, 130, http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/58/v58i03p130-145.pdf.
A. Dalton, The Natural World of Lewis and Clark (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008), 198.
K. Meissner, Land Management: The Forest and Organizational and Structural Responsibilities (Washington, DC: United States General Accounting Office, 1999), 14.
and Edgar Wayburn, “Conservation in 1960: The Summing Up,” Sierra Club January 1961, 12.
O. Douglas, The Autobiography of William O. vol. 2, The Court Years, 1939–1975 (New York: Random House, 1980), 302.
interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007.
interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007.
L. Udall, The Myths of August: A Personal Exploration of Our Tragic Cold War Affair with the Atom (New York: Pantheon, 1994), 187.
Fisher Smith, “Remembering the Craigheads, Pioneers of Wildlife Biology,” New October 11, 2016; Doug Peaco*ck to author, February 17, 2021.
Stoneman Douglas, Voice of the River (Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 1990), 38.
Stoneman Douglas, The Everglades: River of Grass (New York: Rinehart, 1947), 1–3.
Also see Jack E. Davis, An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009), 360.
interview with Jim Kushlan, March 8, 2022.
S. Truman, “Address on Conservation at the Dedication of Everglades National Park,” December 6, 1947, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/231/address-conservation-dedication-everglades-national-park.
in Davis, An Everglades 604–5.
An Everglades 408.
C. Reis, “Researching Environmental History During the Truman Era in the National Archives,” in The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. ed. Karl Boyd Brooks (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2009), 119.
Hamilton Dewey, Breathe the Air: Air Pollution and U.S. Environmental Politics, 1945–1970 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000), 116.
Report by the New York Academy of Medicine Committee on Public Health, New York Academy of Medicine, April 27, 1964.
Costa and Terry Gordon, “Mary Amdur,” Toxicological Sciences 56, no. 1 (July 2000), 5.
87–88.
Roueché, “Annals of Medicine: The Fog,” New September 30, 1950, 33–51. Also, author interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007.
interview with Jean Kennedy Smith, May 15, 2008.
O. Jones, Clean Air: The Policies and Politics of Pollution Control (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978), 27.
The Myths of 218.
and Gosling, Battlefield of the Cold 10.
G. Alexander, Utah: The Right Place (Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1995), 367.
in Udall, The Myths of 203.
Cook, Brigham Young University, “Bullock v. United States: Radioactive Sheep,” Intermountain Histories, accessed May 19, 2022, https://www.intermountainhistories.org/items/show/163.
Bombs in the 63.
M. Cosco, Echo Park: Struggle for Preservation (Boulder, CO: Johnson Books, 1995), 25.
F. Stewart, “William O. Douglas Oral History Interview,” November 9, 1967, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, Washington, DC, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKOH/Douglas%2C%20William%20O/JFKOH-WOD-01/JFKOH-WOD-01, 6.
J. Lazarus, The Making of Environmental Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 52.
F. Simon, Independent Journey: The Life of William O. Douglas (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 139–40.
interview with Jean Kennedy Smith, May 2, 2017.
Chapter 3: Rachel Carson and the Shore of the Sea
Hebert, “Rachel Carson Statue to Be Dedicated in Woods Hole, July 14,” Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Chicago, June 12, 2013, http://www.mbl.edu/blog/rachel-carson-statue-to-be-dedicated-in-woods-hole-july-14/. Also see William Souder, On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (New York: Crown Publishers, 2012), 43.
Carson to Dorothy Thompson, August 25, 1929, quoted in Jim Hain, “Rachel Carson and Woods Hole,” Woods Hole Museum, http://woodsholemuseum.org/oldpages/sprtsl/v27n2-RCarson.pdf, 3.
Carson, The Edge of the Sea (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1955), xiii.
Carson, Rachel Carson: Silent Spring & Other Writings on the Environment (New York: Library of America, 2018), 424. First published in Scripps College June 1962.
Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), 7–18.
7–8.
Rachel 1–80; Arlene R. Quaratiello, Rachel Carson: A Biography (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2004), 1–5.
Carson, “My Favorite Recreation,” St. Nicholas July 1922.
On a Farther 26.
Carson, “Who I Am and Why I Came to PCW,” Beinecke Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Gentle Storm Center,” October 12, 1962, 105.
On a Farther 34–36.
Rachel 25.
Carson, Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel ed. Linda Lear (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 14–15.
in Paul Brooks, The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 20.
“Rachel Carson and Woods Hole.”
Carson, “Undersea,” Atlantic September 1937, 55–67. Carson originally wrote “Undersea” as a US Bureau of Fisheries brochure.
Lear to author, March 9, 2021.
Schweitzer, Reverence for Life; The Words of Albert ed. Harold E. Robles (Anna Maria, FL: Maurice Bassett, 2017), 13.
Schweitzer Center, Animals, Nature and Albert Schweitzer (Washington, DC: Flying Fox Press, 1982), 62.
Brabazon, Albert A Biography (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000), 282–83.
Schweitzer, Civilization and Ethics: The Philosophy of Civilization, Part trans. John Nash (London: A & C Black, 1923), 264.
B. Gartner, Rachel Carson (Literature & Life) (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983), 130.
On a Farther 44.
in Brooks, The House of 5.
Hamilton Lytle, The Gentle Subversive: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring and the Rise of the Environmental Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 14.
in Brooks, The House of 5.
Carson, Under the Sea-Wind: A Picture of Ocean Life (New York: New American Library, 1941).
interview with Jean Kennedy Smith, January 10, 2019. Also see Jean Kennedy Smith, The Nine of Us: Growing Up Kennedy (New York: HarperCollins, 2016), 65–66.
Dramatic Picture of Ocean Life; UNDER THE SEA-WIND,” New York November 23, 1941, BR10, https://www.nytimes.com/1941/11/23/archives/a-dramatic-picture-of-ocean-life-under-the-seawind-by-rachel-l.html.
Rachel 31.
Cottrell Free, Since Silent Spring: Our Debt to Albert Schweitzer and Rachel Carson (Washington, DC: Flying Fox Press, 2007), 2.
Carson to Harold Lunch, July 15, 1945, Rachel Carson Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
Johnson, “The Secrets of Longevity,” New York Times May 2, 2021, 20–21.
F. Wurster, DDT Wars: Rescuing our National Bird, Preventing Cancer, and Creating the Environmental Defense Fund (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 6.
K. Musil, Rachel Carson and Her Sisters: Extraordinary Women Who Have Shaped Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2014), 125; Linda Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Henry Holt, 1992), 237.
Commoner, Scientific Statesmanship in Air Pollution Control (Washington, DC: Public Health Service, 1964), 4.
Ross and Steven Amter, The Polluters (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 6.
Carson, “Chincoteague: A National Wildlife Refuge,” Conservation in no. 1 (Washington, DC: Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior), June 1947; Rachel Carson, “Parker River: A National Wildlife Refuge,” Conservation in no. 2 (Washington, DC: Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior), June 1947; Rachel Carson, “Mattamuskeet: A National Wildlife Refuge,” Conservation in no. 4 (Washington, DC: Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior), July 1947; Vanez T. Wilson and Rachel Carson, “Bear River: A National Wildlife Refuge,” Conservation in no. 8 (Washington, DC: Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior), June 1950. All available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Carson%22%20author_fname%3A%22Rachel%22&start=0&context=52045&facet=.
“Chincoteague: A National Wildlife Refuge.”
On a Farther 123.
Carson, “Guarding Our Wildlife Resources,” Conservation in no. 5 (Shepherdstown, WV: NCTC), 1948.
Koehn, Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 399.
Carson to William Beebe, August 26, 1949, Rachel Carson Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
Medical Association, Council on Foods and Nutrition, “Health Hazards of Pesticides,” Journal of the American Medical Association 137 (August 18, 1948): 1604.
Z. Jacobson, Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Global Warming (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 176–80.
V. Melosi, Fresh Kills: A History of Consuming and Discarding New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020), 17.
Steinberg, Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 258.
Meine, Aldo Leopold: His Life and Work (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2010), 524–25.
Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1949), 211, xxi.
O. Douglas, Of Men and Mountains (New York: Harper, 1950), 4.
O. Douglas, Go East, Young Man: The Early Years (New York: Random House, 1974), 203.
interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007.
H. Clark, “From the Beginning of the World,” Saturday Review of July 7, 1951, 13.
in Lear, Rachel 202.
Cruger, “Object of Her Affection Is the Ocean,” Washington July 4, 1951, B3.
Carson, The Sea Around Us (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951), 15.
8–9.
120.
in Frank Graham, Since Silent Spring (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), 8–9.
Carson to Mrs. Frank H. Griffen, Providence Garden Club, July 1952, Garden Club of America Bulletin 2 (1952): 78–80.
Carson to Marie Rodell, September 1952, Rachel Carson Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
Carson, “Autobiographical Sketch,” New York Herald Tribune Book October 7, 1951, 14.
“Object of Her Affection Is the Ocean.”
Carson, “The Dark Green Waters,” review of Gilbert C. Klingel, The New York Times Book October 14, 1951, 20, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/carson-bay.html.
Chapter 4: William O. Douglas and the Protoenvironmentalists
J. Whalen, Kennedy Versus Lodge: The 1952 Massachusetts Senate Race (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2000), 3–41.
interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007.
in Thurston Clarke, Last Hundred Days: The Transformation of a Man and the Emergence of a Great President (New York: Penguin, 2013), xii–xiii.
Sorensen, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 52.
Interview with Gillian Sorensen, October 6, 2021.
R. Fehner and F. G. Gosling, Battlefield of the Cold vol. 1, The Nevada Test Site, Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1951–1963 (Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, 2006), 206.
F. Pilat, Robert E. Pendley, and Charles K. Ebinger, eds., Atoms for Peace: An Analysis After Thirty Years (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985).
D. Eisenhower, “Address by Mr. Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States of America, to the 470th Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly,” New York City, December 8, 1953, https://www.iaea.org/about/history/atoms-for-peace-speech.
G. Smith, “John F. Kennedy, Stewart Udall, and New Frontier Conservation,” Pacific Historical Review 41, no. 3 (August 1972): 333.
Cousteau, The Silent World (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953).
interview with Jean Kennedy Smith, May 2, 2015.
in Sylvia Earle, introduction to Rachel Carson, The Sea Around Us (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), xii.
Kennedy Goes A-Courting,” cover, July 20, 1953.
Kennedy poem, quoted in Fredrik Logevall, JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956 (New York: Random House, 2020), 566–67.
Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1953).
Jean Craige, Eugene Odum: Ecosystem Ecologist & Environmentalist (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001), 85.
George Tansley, “The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Terms and Concepts,” Ecology 16 (1935).
Hubbell, introduction to Rachel Carson, The Edge of the Sea (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998), xvi.
J. Craige, Ecosystem Ecologist and Environmentalist (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002), 46–47.
ix–x.
E. Davis, An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009), 413.
L. Goldman, “Eugene P. Odum Dies at 88; Founded Modern Ecology,” New York August 14, 2002, A21, https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/14/us/eugene-p-odum-dies-at-88-founded-modern-ecology.html.
Odum,” in Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical ed. George A. Cevasco and Richard P. Harmond (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 357.
in ibid., xiii.
Brooks, The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 258–59.
K. Musil, “Rachel Carson’s Cottage at the Edge of the Sea,” Rachel Carson Council, Summer 2015, https://rachelcarsoncouncil.org/about-rcc/about-rachel-carson/rachel-carsons-cottage-at-the-edge-of-the-sea/.
Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Henry Holt, 1992), 260–61.
Beston, “Miss Carson’s First,” review of Under the November 3, 1952, 100.
interview with Judge Margaret McKeown, March 19, 2021.
Blake, “Auguries of Innocence,” 1863, Pickering Manuscript, Morgan Library & Museum, 14–15.
O. Douglas, My Wilderness: East to Katahdin (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961), 290.
Kerouac, On the Road (New York: Penguin, 2003), 119.
Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 409.
interview with Edward Kennedy, August 8, 2008.
Frome, The Forest Service (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984), 37.
O. Douglas, Farewell to Texas (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), viii.
Allen Murphy, Wild Bill: The Legend of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 2003), 249–60.
MD) Morning May 25, 1953, 2.
F. Stewart, “William O. Douglas Oral History Interview,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, November 9, 1967, https://www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Douglas%2C%20William%20O/JFKOH-WOD-01/JFKOH-WOD-01-TR.pdf, 37; author interview with Jean Kennedy Smith.
Parkway,” Washington January 3, 1954, B4.
A. Briggs, Washington: City in the Woods (Washington, DC: Audubon Society, 1954).
Canal Hikers Still Survive on 5th Day,” Washington March 25, 1954, 14.
Justice William O. Douglas,” Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/choh/learn/historyculture/associatejusticewilliamodouglas.htm.
O. Douglas, letter to the editor, Washington January 19, 1954, 14.
W. Burnett, “Olaus Johan Murie,” in Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical ed. George A. Cevasco and Richard P. Harmond (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 331–33.
Backes, A Wilderness Within: The Life of Sigurd Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 48–49.
Canal Hikers Still Survive on 5th Day,” Washington
Finishes His 189-Mile Hike,” New York March 28, 1954, 43, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/03/28/83323922.html?pageNumber=43.
Schotz, “A Hike for All Time,” (Hagerstown, MD) March 14, 2004, http://articles.herald-mail.com/2004-03-14/news/25024668_1_editorial-page-editor-hike-estabrook.
Wild 333–34.
Mackintosh, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal: The Making of a Park (Washington, DC: National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, 1991), https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/choh/admin_history/history4.htm, 73.
My 197.
195.
Backes, A Wilderness Within: The Life of Sigurd F. Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 227.
Olson, The Singing Wilderness (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 160–61.
A Wilderness 252.
Olson, Lonely Land (St. Paul: University of Minnesota Press, 1961).
The Singing 77.
interview with Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., June 7, 2018.
A. Farenthold, “Potomac River’s Health Rebounds,” Washington September 8, 2010.
interview with Ethel Kennedy, February 6, 2019.
“John Kennedy, Stewart Udall, and New Frontier Conservationism,” 329–62.
B. Oakes, “Conservation: Record of Congress,” New York September 5, 1954, X14, https://www.nytimes.com/1954/09/05/archives/conservation-record-of-congress.html.
O. Douglas, The Autobiography of William O. vol. 2, The Court Years, 1939–1975 (New York: Random House, 1980), 309.
F. Kennedy, Jr., American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family (New York: HarperCollins, 2018), 76.
F. Libby, “An Open Letter to Dr. Schweitzer,” Saturday May 25, 1957, 37.
Egan, Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival: The Remaking of American Environmentalism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009), 54–55.
K. Musil, Rachel Carson and Her Sisters: Extraordinary Women Who Have Shaped Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2014), 126. Also see Musil, “Rachel Carson and Nuclear War,” Rachel Carson Council, https://rachelcarsoncouncil.org/rachel-carson-nuclear-war.
J. Rosi, “Mass and Attentive Opinion of Nuclear Weapons Tests and Fallout, 1954–1963,” Public Opinion Quarterly 29, no. 2 (1965), 288–93.
S. Wittner, Resisting the Bomb: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement (Standford: Standford University Press, 1997), frontispiece.
Barry Commoner and the Science of 64.
Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man and Technology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 65–66.
W. Royce, “Q&A,” Los Angeles November 19, 1953, 43.
Protest Smog,” Los Angeles October 21, 1954.
Smog Battle: Two Doctors Give Their Medical View,” Los Angeles November 16, 1953.
J. Haagen-Smit, “Smog Control—Is It Just Around the Corner?,” Engineering and Science 26, no. 2 (November 1962): 10.
Smith, “Fifty Years of Clearing the Skies,” Caltech, April 25, 2013, https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/fifty-years-clearing-skies-39248.
in David Stradling, The Nature of New York: An Environmental History of the Empire State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 182.
Robinson, “Smog Everywhere,” (White Plains, NY) Journal March 8, 1949.
D. Forswall and Kathryn E. Higgins, “Clean Air Act Implementations in Houston: An Historical Perspective, 1970–2005,” Rice University Environmental and Energy Systems Institute, Shell Center for Sustainability, February 2005, https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/107669/SIP_2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Smog Is So Thick Fires Burn Undetected,” New York December 19, 1953, 17, https://www.nytimes.com/1953/12/19/archives/london-smog-is-so-thick-fires-burn-undetected.html.
Evans Asbury, “Smog Is Really Smaze; Rain May Rout It Tonight,” New York November 21, 1953, 1, 30, https://www.nytimes.com/1953/11/21/archives/smog-is-really-smaze-rain-may-rout-it-tonight-fourday-concentration.html.
Popkin, “Two ‘Killer Smogs’ the Headlines Missed,” EPA December 1986, 27.
F. Kennedy, “Our American Cities and Their Second-Class Citizens,” September 11, 1957, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/new-york-ny-us-conference-of-mayors-19570911.
Rosenberg, “Power Struggle,” Boston November 6, 2008.
thanks to Susan Livingston of Marblehead, Massachusetts, for educating me about the sad and sordid history of the Salem Harbor Power Plant.
Cleaner Energy Future for Salem,” Conservation Law Foundation, 2019.
interview with Edward Kennedy, August 8, 2008.
Zoe Ackerman et al., “Blast Zone: Natural Gas and the Atlantic Coast Pipeline: Causes, Consequences and Civic Action,” Rachel Carson Council, September 2017, https://rachelcarsoncouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/blast-zone-final.pdf.
Toxic Coal Ash Problem (Virginia Conservation Network, 2015), 7.
of Senator Kennedy Before the Select Committee on Water Resources, Boston, Massachusetts, December 8, 1959,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/assetviewer/archives/JFKCAMP1960/1031/JFKCAMP1960-1031-017.
Chapter 5: Wilderness Politics, Dinosaur National Monument, and the Nature Conservancy
in Elmo Richardson, “The Interior Secretary as Conservation Villain: The Notorious Case of Douglas ‘Giveaway’ McKay,” Pacific Historical Review 41, no. 3 (August 1972): 333–45.
Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), 257.
E. Davis, An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2009), 409.
E. Smith, The Politics of Conservation (New York: Pantheon, 1966), 289.
Old Car Peddler,” August 23, 1954, 21.
National Forest/White King and Lucky Lass Uranium Mines (USDA), Lakeview, OR, Cleanup Activities,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.Cleanup&id=1001508#bkground.
Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 250–51.
Brugge and Rob Gable, “The History of Uranium Mining and the Navajo People,” American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 9 (September 2002): 1416.
Constandina Titus, Bombs in the Backyard: Atomic Testing and American Politics (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986), 94.
Matthews, “Nevada Learns to Live with the Atom,” National Geographic 103, no. 6 (June 1953): 839–50.
DeVoto, “The West: A Plundered Province,” August 1934, 355–64, reprinted as “The Plundered Province,” in Bernard DeVoto, Forays and Rebuttals (Boston: Little, Brown, 1936), 46–65.
Stegner, The Uneasy Chair: A Biography of Bernard DeVoto (New York: Doubleday, 1988), 386.
Brinkley and Patricia Limerick, eds., The Western Paradox: A Conservation Reader (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000).
in Bernard DeVoto, West: History, Conservation, and the Public ed. Edward K. Muller (Athens: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press, 2005), xxix.
Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), 15.
Brower, “How to Kill a Wilderness” (not published at the time but later reprinted), in David Brower, For Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower (Salt Lake City, UT: Peregrine Smith Books, 1990), 125–28.
Brower, Hetch Hetchy: Undoing a Great American Mistake (Berkeley, CA: Heyday, 2013), 1–2.
2.
David 67.
L. Rusho, “Bumpy Road for Glen Canyon Dam,” Bureau of Reclamation: History Essay for the Centennial Symposium 2 (Denver: US Department of Interior, 2008), 531.
Rachel 180.
Harvey, A Symbol of the West: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), xv.
Congress, Senate, Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation, Hearings, Colorado River Storage Project, 84th Congress, 1st Session, February 28, March 1–5, 1955, 679–96.
Hetch 2.
Brower, “Grand Canyon Battle Ads,” in Ernest Braun et al., Grand Canyon of the Living Colorado (San Francisco: Sierra Club and Ballantine Books, 1970).
Loui, “David Brower,” in Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical ed. George A. Cevasco and Richard P. Harmond (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 56–60.
Benson, Wallace Stegner: His Life and Works (New York: Penguin, 1997).
Delgrosso Stabile, “Wallace Earle Stegner,” in Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical ed. George A. Cevasco and Richard P. Harmond (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 487.
Stegner, This Is Dinosaur: Echo Park Country and Its Magic Rivers (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955).
Abbey, Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), 135.
White Scheuering, Shapers of the Great Debate on Conservation (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004), 80.
in Kathy Mengak, Reshaping Our National Parks and Their Guardians: The Legacy of George B. Hartzog, Jr. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2012), 128.
Brower, “Scenic Resources for the Future,” Sierra Club Bulletin 41, no. 10 (December 1956).
K. Rothman, Saving the Planet: The American Response to the Environment in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), 96.
Harvey, Wilderness Forever: Howard Zahniser and the Path to the Wilderness Act (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005), 6.
Palmer, Great Forest Trails (New York: Rizzoli, 2021), 68.
Brinkley, “Thoreau’s Wilderness Legacy, Beyond the Shores of Walden Pond,” New York July 7, 2017, 12, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/07/books/review/douglas-brinkley-thoreaus-wilderness-legacy-walden-pond.html.
Zahniser, “In the Month of May,” in The Wilderness Writings of Howard ed. Mark Harvey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014), 14–16.
Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 221.
Zahniser, “Wilderness Forever,” in Voices for the ed. William Schwartz (New York: Ballantine, 1969), 100.
D. Nichols, “Howard Zahniser,” in Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical ed. George A. Cevasco and Richard P. Harmond (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 535.
Wilderness 106.
L. Smith, Buffalo River Handbook (Little Rock: The Ozark Society Foundation, University of Arkansas Press, 2004), 109.
Solomon, Water: The Epic Sruggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 348–49.
Frazier Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 320–21.
Fete Saylor,” Scranton Times August 16, 1970, 40.
Kelleher, “Forty Years On: Sigurd Olson and the Wilderness Act,” Minnesota Public Radio, September 3, 2004, http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/09/03_kelleherb_wilderness/. For Humphrey’s growing interest in wilderness conservation, see Kevin Proescholdt, Rip Rapson, and Miron L. Heinselman, Troubled Waters: The Fight for the Boundary Waters Canoe Area (St. Cloud, MN: North Star Press of St. Cloud, 1995), 2–10.
Backes, A Wilderness Within: The Life of Sigurd F. Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 265–66.
Scott, The Enduring Wilderness (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004), 19.
June 7, 1956, 84th Congress, 2nd Session, 9772-83. Rep. John Saylor introduced the House companion bill as H.R. 11703.
Humphrey, memo to Herb Waters, July 20, 1957, Box 146, Hubert H. Humphrey Papers, Minnesota Historical Society.
Harvey, “Sound Politics: Wilderness, Recreation, and Motors in the Boundary Waters, 1945–1964,” Minnesota History 58 (Fall 2002): 130–45.
A Wilderness 266.
W. T. Harvey, A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1994).
O. Douglas, The Autobiography of William O. vol. 2, The Court Years, 1939–1975 (New York: Random House, 1980), 313.
Neuberger and Steve Neal, They Never Go Back to Pocatello (Portand: Oregon Historical Society, 1988), 108.
A. Baker, “The Conservation Congress of Anderson and Aspinall, 1963–64,” Journal of Forest & Conservation History 29, no. 3 (1985): 104–19.
in Howard Zahniser, The Wilderness Writings of Howard ed. Mark Harvey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014), 155.
Luther, “The National Environmental Policy Act: Background and Implementation,” Congressional Research Service, February 29, 2008, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33152.pdf.
Nature Conservancy History,” FundingUniverse, http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/the-nature-conservancy-history/.
in William D. Blair, Jr., Katharine Ordway: The Lady Who Saved the Prairies (Arlington, VA: Nature Conservancy, 1989).
M. Paulson, “‘The Lady Who Saved the Prairies’—and Her Brother,” honors project, Katharine Ordway Natural History Study Area, Macalester College, Minnesota, 2001.
Grove, Preserving Eden: The Nature Conservancy (New York: Henry Abrams, 1992), 30–38.
in Anthony Weston, Back to Earth: Environmentalism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), 71.
Zahniser, “Wilderness: How Much Can We Afford to Lose?,” address at Sierra Club Wilderness Conference, 1951, quoted in Scott, The Enduring 23.
Krupat, “Chief Seattle’s Speech Revisited,” American Indian Quarterly 35, no. 2 (2011), 197–200.
Kerouac, On the Road (New York: Viking, 1957).
Kerouac, The Dharma Bums (New York: Viking, 1958), 65.
Zelko, Make It a Green Peace! (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 184.
Watts, The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001), 304–5.
Louter, Windshield Wilderness: Cars, Roads and Nature in National Parks (Seattle University Press, 2006), 105.
Zahniser to C. Edward Graves, April 25, 1959, in Zahniser, The Wilderness Writings of Howard 160–61.
Roth, “The National Forests and the Campaign for Wilderness Legislation,” Journal of Forest History 28, no. 3 (July 1984), 119–25.
Büscher and Robert Fletcher, The Conservation Revolution: Radical Ideas for Saving Nature Beyond the Anthropocene (London: Verso, 2020).
J. Lindstrom and Zachary A. Smith, The National Environmental Policy Act: Judicial Misconstruction, Legislative Indifference, and Executive Neglect (College Station, TX: A&M University Press, 2001), iv.
An Everglades 409.
in Adam Rome, The Genius of Earth Day (New York: Macmillan, 2013), 19–20.
B. Toffler, “Danger in Your Drinking Water,” Good January 1960, 41–43, 128–30.
Carson, “The Real World Around Us,” Matrix Table Dinner, Theta Sigma Phi, Columbus, Ohio, April 21, 1954, Rachel Carson Papers, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Chapter 6: Saving Shorelines
Park Service, Department of the Interior, A Report on a Seashore Recreation Area Survey of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1955).
Gray, “Recreation: A Seashore Park for the Nation,” New York September 5, 1937, A1.
interview with Jean Kennedy Smith, August 3, 2015.
Dean, Against the Tide: The Battle for Beaches (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 186.
Park Service, A Report on the Seashore Recreation Survey of the Atlantic and Gulf 1955, quoted in Francis P. Burling, The Birth of Cape Cod National Seashore (Plymouth, MA: Leyden Press, 1978), 6–7.
Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), 111.
in Fredrik Logevall, JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century, 1917–1956 (New York: Random House, 2020), 593.
in James W. Graham, Victura: The Kennedys, a Sailboat, and the Sea (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2004), 105.
Carson, The Edge of the Sea (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1955), 1.
140.
B. Bigelow to Rachel Carson, October 14, 1955, Rachel Carson Papers, Yale University.
Demimonde,” November 7, 1955, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,807979,00.html.
Souder, On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (New York: Crown, 2012), 217.
Carson to Dorothy Freeman, November 27, 1955, Rachel Carson Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
Brooks, The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 211.
Carson, quoted in “Walking in Rachel Carson’s Footsteps,” March 24, 2021, The Nature Conservancy website.
The House of 197–99.
Carson, Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel ed. Linda Lear (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 237.
Swift, The Big Roads: The Untold Story of the Engineers, Visionaries, and Trailblazers Who Created the American Superhighways (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2011), 296–97.
Watts, JFK and the Masculine Mystique: Sex and Power on the New Frontier (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016), 50.
Broadwater, Adlai Stevenson and American Politics: The Odyssey of a Cold War Liberal (New York: Twayne, 1994), 172–73.
S. Truman, “Press Release of Speech Delivered by Harry S. Truman Before the Democratic National Convention, August 17, 1956,” Harry S. Truman Library & Museum,
Brinkley, The Quiet World: Saving Wilderness Kingdom, 1879–1960 (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), 464–66.
L. Neuberger, “Plan for Shoreline Parks: U. S. Senate Bills Would Set Aside Recreational Areas on Seacoasts and in the Great Lakes Region,” New York August 30, 1959, X19, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1959/08/30/89233322.html?pageNumber=440.
August 8, 1958, quoted in Paula Becker, “Conservationists William O. Douglas, Polly Dyer, and Others Begin a 22-Mile Hike Along the Olympic Coastline to Protest Proposed Road Construction on August 19, 1958,” HistoryLink.org, December 29, 2010, https://www.historylink.org/File/9672.
O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), 40.
Manning, Wilderness Alps: Conservation and Conflict in North Cascades (Bellingham, Washington: Northwest Wild Books, 2007), 112.
B. Drury, “He Left a Heritage of Beauty,” Sierra Club April–May 1960, 83.
interview with Douglas R. Home, April 19, 2020.
Foresta, National Parks and Their Keepers (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1984), 171; Hal K. Rothman, The Park That Makes Its Own Weather: A History of Golden Gate National Recreation Area (San Francisco: Golden Gate National Recreation Area, 2002).
Ecologist: Laurance Spelman Rockefeller,” New York February 1, 1966, 22, https://www.nytimes.com/1966/02/01/archives/practical-ecologist-laurance-spelman-rockefeller-man-of-many-parts.html.
Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission was created by the act of June 28, 1958 (Public Law 85-470, 72 Stat. 238).
and State Take Inventory,” Sierra Club January 1957, 3.
S. Rockefeller, 1910–2004,” Rockefeller Archive Center, Kykuit Estate, Mt. Pleasant, New York. Also, author interview with Jean Kennedy Smith, August 3, 2015.
P. Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club, 1892–1970 (New York: Random House, 1988), 278; “Point Reyes Park Proposed,” Sierra Club September 1958.
Carr, The Windward Road: Adventures of a Naturalist on Remote Caribbean Shores (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1956).
The Edge of the 237.
Carson, “Our Ever-Changing Shore,” Holiday 24 (1958): 71, 117–20.
of Senator John F. Kennedy Before the California Legislature, Sacramento, California, May 1, 1959,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/sacramento-ca-19590501.
Press, “Potomac Is Termed Most Polluted River West of the Nile,” June 9, 1959 (North Adams, MA), June 10, 1959, 1. Also, author interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007.
of Senator Kennedy before the Select Committee on Water Resources, Boston, Massachusetts, December 8, 1959,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https:www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKCAMP1960/1031/JFKCAMP1960-1031-017.
Cod Study Group, Region Five Office, National Park Service, US Department of the Interior, A Field Investigation Report on a Proposed National Seashore, Cape Cod, Barnstable County, Massachusetts: Report of a Biological Investigation on a Portion of Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Report of the Geologic Features on a Portion of Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Report on the History of Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Report on the Archeology of Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1958); Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1866), 227.
Burling, The Birth of Cape Cod National 18.
Wilding, Henry Cape Cod: How “The Outermost House” Inspired a National Seashore (Eastham, MA: Henry Beston Society, 2013).
The Birth of Cape Cod National 30.
Bates, “Walking in Thoreau’s Footsteps on Cape Cod,” New York October 11, 1959, X33, https://www.nytimes.com/1959/10/11/archives/walking-in-thoreaus-footsteps-on-cape-cod.html.
O. Douglas, The Autobiography of William O. vol. 2, The Court Years, 1939–1975 (New York: Random House, 1980), 303.
Chapter 7: Protesting Plastics, Nuclear Testing, and DDT
G. Vallianatos with McKay Jenkins, Poison Spring: The Secret History of Pollution and the EPA (New York: Bloomsbury, 2014), 1–5. See also Seth M. Siegel, Troubled Water: Wrong with What We Drink (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2019), 8.
Commoner, Scientific Statesmanship in Air Pollution Control (Washington, DC: US Public Health Service, 1964), 5.
L. Meikle, “Material Doubts: The Consequences of Plastic,” Environmental History 2, no. 3 (July 1997): 278.
Also see Laura Parker, “How the Plastic Bottle Went from Miracle Container to Hated Garbage,” National August 23, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/plastic-bottles.
Updike, Rabbit, Run (New York: Fawcett Crest, 1969), 87.
Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man and Technology (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2020), 47–53.
Egan, Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), 53.
Pietrobon, “The Role of Norman Cousins and Track II Diplomacy in the Breakthrough to the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty,” Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 60–79.
Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary (New York: Norton, 2006), 508.
March Here After Atom Rally,” New York May 20, 1960, 11.
Martin Luther King, Jr., quoted in Vincent Intondi, “Martin Luther King on Non-violence and Disarmament,” Boston January 16, 2015, https://bostonreview.net/us/vincent-intondi-martin-luther-king-nuclear-weapons-civil-rights.
Teller, The Legacy of Hiroshima (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962), 108.
Commoner, “The Fallout Problem,” Science 127 (May 2, 1958): 1023–26.
Commoner, Science and Survival (New York: Viking, 1966), 120.
Louise Reiss,” June 1959.
Hevesi, “Dr. Louis Reiss, Who Helped Ban Atomic Testing, Dies at 90,” New York January 10, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/10/science/10reiss.html.
Schneir, “Strontium-90 in U.S. Children,” April 25, 1959, 355–57.
Swerdlow, “Ladies’ Day at the Capitol: Women Strike for Peace Versus HUAC,” Feminist Studies 8, no. 3 (Fall 1982): 496.
Cousins, Dr. Schweitzer of Lambaréné (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1960), 166.
Schweitzer, “A Declaration of Conscience,” broadcast on Radio Oslo, Oslo, Norway, April 24, 1957. See also Schweitzer, “A Declaration of Conscience,” Saturday May 18, 1957.
Gräßer, “The Significance of Reverence for Life Today,” in Reverence for Life: The Ethics of Albert Schweitzer for the Twenty-First ed. Marvin Meyer and Kurt Bergel (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2002), 160–64.
“A Declaration of Conscience.” See also Schweitzer, “A Declaration of Conscience,” Saturday
Cottrell Free, “Since Silent Our Debt to Albert Schweitzer & Rachel Carson,” An International Albert Schweitzer Symposium, August 13, 1992, http://www.anncottrellfree.org/uploads/1/6/7/1/16715062/since_silent_spring_address.pdf.
K. Musil, Rachel Carson and Her Sisters: Extraordinary Women Who Have Shaped Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2014), 116.
Carson, letter to the editor, Washington April 10, 1959, A12, reprinted in Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel ed. Linda Lear (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 189–91.
O. Douglas, “Dissent in Favor of Man,” Saturday May 5, 1960, 59; US News & World November 23, 1959, 143. See also Murphy v. 362, US 929, 1960, 929–35. This quote is from Douglas’s dissent from denial of certiorari.
DeWan, “The Fight to Ban DDT,” January 18, 2000, 28.
Spock, quoted in Linda Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Henry Holt, 1992), 318.
Dean, “Cranberry Sales Curbed; U.S. Widens Taint Check,” New York November 11, 1959, 1, 29, https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/11/archives/cranberry-sales-curbed-45-million-loss-feared-cranberry-crop-facing.html.
in Peter Matthiessen, Courage for the Earth: Writers, Scientists, and Activists Celebrate the Life and Writing of Rachel Carson (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007), 11.
O’Reilly, “The Deadly Spray,” Sports May 2, 1960, 20–21.
in a bulletin of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, December 1956. See also Lear, Rachel 321–22.
Carson to Paul Brooks, March 23, 1960, Rachel Carson Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
Brooks, The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972), 228.
O. Wilson to Rachel Carson, October 7, 1958, RCP/BLYU.
Carson to Edward O. Wilson, October 18, 1958, RCP/BLYU.
Rachel Carson and Her 90.
in Intondi, “Martin Luther King on Non-Violence and Disarmament.” See also Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Address at the Thirty-sixth Annual Dinner of the War Resisters League,” New York, New York, February 2, 1959, Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University, https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/address-thirty-sixth-annual-dinner-war-resisters-league.
Chapter 8: Forging the New Frontier
F. Kennedy Statement Announcing Candidacy for President, 2 January 1960,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKSEN/0905/JFKSEN-0905-021.
Scott, The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting Our Natural Heritage Through the Wilderness Act (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004), 51.
Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power (New York: Vintage, 2012), 59.
O. Douglas, The Three Hundred Year War: A Chronicle of Ecological Disaster (New York: Random House, 1972), 51.
interview with Kenneth Brower, March 16, 2018.
O. Douglas, Oral History Interview, JFK no. 1, November 9, 1967, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 39.
Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1958), 253.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
interview with Tom Udall, February 18, 2011.
interview with Burr Udall, March 3, 2011.
Udall, “Human Values and Hometown Snapshots: Early Days in St. Johns,” American April 1982, library.arizona.edu/exhibits/sludall/articlespages/article/.html.
L. Udall,” American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration, https://aapra.org/Awards/Pugsley-Medal/Recipient-Biography/Id/24.
L. Udall, To the Inland Empire: Coronado and Our Spanish Legacy (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1987), 3–7.
Boyd Finch, Legacies of Camelot: Stewart and Lee Udall, American Culture, and the Arts (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008), 10–11.
Udall, Too Funny to Be President (New York: Henry Holt, 1988).
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
interview with Tom Udall, October 4, 2019.
L. Udall,” American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration, https://aapra.org/Awards/Pugsley-Medal/Recipient-Biography/Id/24.
Timeline,” Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, https://www.potomacriver.org/potomac-basin-facts/potomac-timeline/.
V. Shannon, “Out West, Too, First Families Lean Toward Public Service,” New York December 8, 1960.
of Kennedy News Conference Here Appointing Udall,” New York December 8, 1960, 27, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/12/08/issue.html.
Arizona Project, SUP-NA, A2372, box 10, folder 8.
Cornell, “Kennedy Charges G.O.P. Wasted Natural Resources,” Greeley (Colorado) Daily June 18, 1960, 8.
of Senator John F. Kennedy at Durango, Colorado, June 18, 1960,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/JFK-Speeches/Durango-CO_19600618.aspx.
Plans Western Secretary,” (Grand Junction) Daily June 18, 1960, 1.
and Trudeau to Sign an Agreement to Fight Great Lakes Pollution,” New York April 9, 1972, 49, https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/09/archives/nixon-and-trudeau-to-sign-an-agreement-to-fight-great-lakes.html.
H. Hartig, “The Return of the Detroit River’s Charismatic Megafauna,” Center for Humans and Nature, November 17, 2014, http://www.humansandnature.org/return-detroit-rivers-charismatic-megafauna.
Jane Knopf-Newman, Beyond Slash, Burn and Poison (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, 2004), 38.
Koehn, Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 401.
Chase and Mark Madison, “The Expanding Ark: 100 Years of Wildlife Refuges,” Wild Winter 2003–04, 25.
in Cape Cod National Seashore Park: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Public Lands (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1960), 349.
M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002), 195.
M. Jackson: Late Senator from Washington (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1983), 408.
Shribman, “Senator Henry M. Jackson Is Dead at 71,” New York September 3, 1983, 10, https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/03/obituaries/senator-henry-m-jackson-is-dead-at-71.html.
G. Kaufman, Henry M. Jackson: A Life in Politics (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011), 164.
Frank Church, Senate debate on the Wilderness bill, Congressional September 5, 1961.
interview with Bethine Clark Church, November 22, 2010.
Ashby and Rod Gramer, Fighting the Odds: The Life of Senator Frank Church (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1994), 23.
interview with Bethine Clark Church, November 22, 2010.
O. Douglas, The Autobiography of William O. Douglas, vol. 2, The Court Years, 1939–1975 (New York: Random House, 1980), 314.
Idea Men Map ‘New Frontier’ Apart from Campaign,” Washington August 7, 1960, A1.
Party Platforms, 1960 Democratic Party Platform Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/273234.
Nixon Cox, email to author, October 27, 2020.
Democratic Party Platform,” July 11, 1960, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1960-democratic-party-platform.
F. Kennedy, “We Must Climb to the Hilltop,” August 22, 1960, 75. See also Richard M. Nixon, “Our Resolve Is Running Strong,” August 22, 1960, 94. The Kennedy and Nixon articles were included in Oscar Handlin, ed., American Principles and Issues: The National Purpose (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), 3–17.
interview with Ethel Kennedy, August 14, 2009.
Houk, Home: Lyndon B. Hill Country (Tucson, AZ: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, 1986), 28–29.
Brown, Desk 88: Eight Progressive Senators Who Changed America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019), 247.
Shesol, Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud that Defined a Decade (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 213.
468.
Rubin, “The Lake No One Knows,” Texas November 1992, 130–34, https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/the-lake-no-one-knows/.
Bird Johnson, “Remarks at the Dedication in 1976 of the LBJ Grove at the Lady Bird Johnson Park in Washington, D.C.,” Congressional May 7, 1976.
L. Gould, Lady Bird Johnson: Our Environmental First Lady (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 3.
Montgomery, “Selling the Nation on Beauty,” New York Journal May 30, 1965. See also Gould, Lady Bird 5.
Lady Bird 5.
Jarboe, “Lady Bird Looks Back,” Texas December 1994, 148.
in Gould, Lady Bird 6.
7.
Billington, “Lyndon B. Johnson and Blacks: The Early Years,” Journal of Negro History 62, no. 1 (January 1977): 1.
Wicker, “Lyndon Johnson Is 10 Feet Tall,” New York Times May 23, 1965, 324, 382–86, https://www.nytimes.com/1965/05/23/archives/lyndon-johnson-is-10-feet-tall-johnson-is-10-feet-tall.html.
Dugger, The Politician: The Life and Times of Lyndon Johnson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 140.
in Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963 (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 666.
Beschloss, ed., Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963–1964 (New York: Touchstone Books, 1997), 12.
Teiser and Catherine Harroun, oral history, Conservation with Ansel Adams (Berkeley: University of California, 1978), 456, InternetArchive.org.
Street Alinder, Ansel Adams: A Biography (New York: Henry Holt, 1996), 243.
O. Douglas, statement on This Is the American October 1960, Sierra Club Papers, University of California, Berkeley.
Poore, “Books of the Times,” New York July 9, 1960, 17, https://www.nytimes.com/1960/07/09/archives/books-of-the-times.html.
P. Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club, 1892–1970 (New York: Random House, 1988), 259.
Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Henry Holt, 1992), 367.
Brinkley, “Rachel Carson and JFK, an Environmental Tag Team,” Audubon May–June 2012, https://www.audubon.org/magazine/may-june-2012/rachel-carson-and-jfk-environmental-tag-team.
Rachel 376–77.
Carson to Dorothy Freeman, October 12, 1960, Rachel Carson Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University.
Post and Munro Meyersburg, “Rachel Carson and the House Where She Wrote Silent Spring on the 60th Anniversary of its Construction,” Rachel Carson Landmark Alliance, May 28, 2018, https://rachelcarsonlandmarkalliance.org/rachel-carson-and-the-house-where-she-wrote-silent-spring/.
Carson, preface to the revised edition of The Sea Around Us (1961), reprinted in ibid. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), xxv.
Palmer, The Wild and Scenic Rivers of America (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 167–68.
Udall with Joseph Stoker, This February 12, 1961.
O. Douglas, My Wilderness: East to Katahdin (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961), 237.
Nasaw, The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph Kennedy (New York: Penguin, 2012), 749–52.
Drive Pledged,” New York November 17, 1960, 17, https://www.nytimes.com/1960/11/17/archives/conservation-drive-pledged.html.
interview with Tom Udall, February 18, 2011.
M. Schlesinger, Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy (New York: Hyperion, 2011), 121.
in Lawrence Thompson and R. H. Winnick, Robert Frost: The Late Years, 1938–1963 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), 277.
Clarke, Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America (New York: Penguin, 2010), 139–40.
Chapter 9: Wallace “Wilderness Letter”
Outdoorsman: Laurance Spellman Rockefeller,” New York February 1, 1962, 16, https://www.nytimes.com/1962/02/01/archives/citybred-outdoorsman-laurance-spelman-rockefeller-33000acre.html.
P. Gilligan, “The Development of Policy and Administration of Forest Service Primitive and Wilderness Areas in the Western United States,” PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1953.
Stegner, Beyond the Hundredth Meridian: John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953).
interview with David Pesonen, October 5, 2011.
Stegner, “Wilderness Letter,” in Marking the Fall: Wallace American ed. Page Stegner (New York: Henry Holt, 1998), 111–17.
Stegner, “The Geography of Hope,” Living December 1980, https://web.stanford.edu/~cbross/Ecospeak/wildernessletterintro.html, quoted in Elia T. Ben-Ari, “Defender of the Voiceless: Wallace Stegner’s Conservation Legacy,” Bioscience 50, no. 3 (March 2000): 253.
H. Watkins, “Letter to Mary,” in The Geography of Hope: A Tribute to Wallace ed. Page Stegner and Mary Stegner (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996), 67.
Stegner to David E. Pesonen, “The Wilderness Letter,” Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, December 3, 1960.
Stegner, The Sound of Mountain Water: The Changing American West (New York: Vintage Books, 2017), 114.
G. Hairston, Frederick E. Smith, and Lawrence B. Slobodkin, “Community Structure, Population Control, and Competition,” American Naturalist 94, no. 879 (November–December 1960): 421–25, https://www.academia.edu/2937962/Community_structure_population_control_and_competition.
L. Udall Journal, December 7, 1960, AZ372, Box 80, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona at Tucson.
H. Lawrence, “Kennedy Chooses Udall of Arizona for Interior Job,” New York December 8, 1960, 1, 26, https://www.nytimes.com/1960/12/08/archives/kennedy-chooses-udall-of-arizona-for-interior-job-representative-40.html.
Boyd Finch, Legacies of Camelot: Stewart and Lee Udall, American Culture, and the Arts (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008), 3.
of Kennedy News Conference Here Appointing Udall,” New York December 8, 1960, 27.
F. Woods, “Udall Expected to Halt Trend, Restore Interior Department as Champion of Natural Resources,” St. Louis December 25, 1960, 23.
Picks Representative Udall as Secretary of Interior,” Battle Creek December 7, 1960, 2.
York December 9, 1960, University of Arizona Special Collections, Stewart L. Udall Papers, AZ 372, B242 scrapbook.
Edgar Hoover to Stewart Udall, December 8, 1960; Arthur J. Goldburg to Stewart Udall, January 2, 1961; and Mike Mansfield to Stewart Udall, December 7, 1960, AZ372, Box 81, Udall Papers, University of Arizona at Tucson.
Douglas to Stewart Udall, December 8, 1960, University of Arizona Special Collections, Stewart L. Udall Papers, AZ 372, box 81.
Goldwater to Stewart Udall, December 6, 1960, University of Arizona Special Collections, Stewart L. Udall Papers, AZ 372, box 81, folder 2.
W. Daynes and Glen Sussman, White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2010), 52.
C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 276–77.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
Hatch, “Following Historic Footprints: Group Traces Muries’ 1956 Trip up the Sheenjek River in Alaska,” Jackson Hole News & August 9, 2006.
F. Kennedy, “Inaugural Address,” January 20, 1961, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/234470.
Roger Thompson and R. H. Winnick, Robert Frost: The Later Years, 1938–1963 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966), 280–82.
Raymond Einberger, With Distance in His Eyes: The Environmental Life and Legacy of Stewart Udall (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2018), 196–97.
Wilkinson, interview with Stewart Udall, Center of the American West, University of Colorado Boulder, September 24, 2003, http://centerwest.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/udall.pdf, 7.
Secretary,” New York December 8, 1960, 34.
With Distance in His 68.
Udall, “National Parks for the Future,” January 1961, 81–84, https://speccoll.library.arizona.edu/online-exhibits/items/show/1487.
interview with Sharon Francis, June 4, 2014.
Becker, “Dyer, Pauline (Polly) (1920–2016),” HistoryLink.org, December 22, 2010, https://www.historylink.org/File/9673.
A. Whitesell ed., Defending Wild Washington (Seattle: Mountaineers Books, 2004), 148–56.
interview with Sharon Francis, June 4, 2014.
of Washington, “Polly Dyer: A Sweeping Legacy”, accessed May 20, 2022, https://www.sos.wa.gov/_assets/legacy/polly-dyer-profile.pdf.
history transcript, Sharon Francis interview 1 (1), 512011969, by Dorthy Pierce (McSweeny), LBJ Library Oral History, LBJ Presidential Library, 2, https://www.discoverlbj.org/item/oh-francis-19690520-1-8-68.
interview with Sharon Francis, June 4, 2014.
Hannaford, Presidential Retreats: Where the Presidents Went and Why They Went There (New York: Threshold Editions, 2012), 202.
Sorensen, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 405.
F. Kennedy, “Special Message to the Congress on Natural Resources,” February 23, 1961, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-natural-resources.
208.
Chapter 10: The Green Face of America
Park Chiefs Turn to Workshops,” (Flagstaff) Arizona Daily April 26, 1961, 2.
interview with Thomas Udall, August 14, 2018.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 7, 2009.
interview with Sharon Francis, June 4, 2014.
Chanin, “Setting the Record Straight on the Udall Boys,” Arizona Daily
Severo, “Morris K. Udall, Fiercely Liberal Congressman, Dies at 76,” New York December 14, 1998, B9, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/14/nyregion/morris-k-udall-fiercely-liberal-congressman-dies-at-76.html.
L. Udall, introduction to George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks (Mount Kisco, NY: Moyer Bell, 1988), xii.
to Lead Reunion Hikers down Towpath; Public Invited,” Washington May 2, 1961, A17.
O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), 168.
Sullivan, “Old Angler’s Inn Proprietor Olympia Reges Dies,” Washington September 4, 2005, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/09/04/old-anglers-inn-proprietor-olympia-reges-dies/00dc3c43-cd01-4073-98ad-fe7be8780a00/.
Taken for a Tramp,” May 8, 1961, 9.
O. Douglas, Muir of the Mountains (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961).
interview with Stewart Udall, August 6, 2007.
O. Douglas to Conrad L. Wirth, December 4, 1961, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Palmer, The Wild and Scenic Rivers of America (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 18.
interview with Jeanne Halberstam, March 6, 2011.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
Park Service, Economic Report: Proposed Cape Cod National Seashore Park, National Park Service, Region Five, U.S. Dept. of the Interior (Boston: Economic Development Associates, 1960).
Cod National Seashore Park: Hearings Before the United States Senate, March 9, 1961 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1961), 34.
F. Olson, The Meaning of Wilderness: Essential Articles and ed. David Backes (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958), 374.
F. Olson, The Singing Wilderness (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 82.
from Frank E. Masland, Jr., to Sigurd Olson, March 13, 1961, quoted in David Backes, A Wilderness Within: The Life of Sigurd F. Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 295.
A Wilderness 297.
Adams, “The Artist and the Ideals in Wilderness,” in Wilderness: Living ed. David Brower (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1961), 49–59.
44–59.
Wood Krutch, More Lives than One (New York: William Sloane Associates, 1962), 3.
Wood Krutch, Henry David Thoreau (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1948).
in Char Miller, On the Edge: Water, Immigration, and Politics in the Southwest (San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 2013), 168–69.
Horgan, “In the Clear, Dry Light of the Desert; THE DESERT YEAR” (book review), New York March 16, 1952, BR3, https://www.nytimes.com/1952/03/16/archives/in-the-clear-dry-light-of-the-desert-the-desert-year-by-joseph-wood.html.
Wood Krutch,” New York May 23, 1970, 22.
Wood Krutch, Grand Canyon: Today and All Its Yesterdays (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989), 275.
Wood Krutch, The Voice of the Desert: A Interpretation (New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 1980), 131.
Wood Krutch, “Human Life in the Context of Nature,” in Wilderness: Living ed. David Brower (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1961), 67–79.
More Lives than
Rowley, “Joseph Wood Krutch: The Forgotten Voice of the Desert,” American Scholar 64, no. 3 (Summer 1995), 443.
Scott, The Enduring Wilderness (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004), 153.
in United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, “Quotes: Conservation, Parks, Natural Beauty,” National Park Service, 1966, https://irmaservices.nps.gov/datastore/v4/rest/DownloadFile/446406?accessType=DOWNLOAD.
Frost, “Dust of Snow,” in New Hampshire (New York: Henry Holt, 1923).
Stegner, “Wilderness Letter,” in The Sound of a Mountain Water (New York: Penguin Random House, 1969), 146.
Cassels, “Man in a Hurry Who Loves His Work,” Deseret May 13, 1961.
Kerouac, The Dharma Bums (New York: Viking Press, 1958); Jack Kerouac, Desolation Angels (New York: Coward-McCann, 1965).
Udall, “Notes en Route to the NW,” June 7, 1961, Folder 2, Box 90, Stewart L. Udall Papers, Special Collection, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Anderson, “This We Hold Dear,” American July 1963, 24–25.
Freeman, diary, vol. 1, July 22, 1961, Freeman Papers, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota.
John P. Saylor, “Minority Views,” in Providing for the Preservation of Wilderness Areas for the Management of Public Lands and for Other House Report 87-2521, October 3, 1962, 118–32.
Test Ban Treaty,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/nuclear-test-ban-treaty#:~:text=In%20August%201961%2C%20the%20Soviet,the%20bomb%20dropped%20on%20Hiroshima.
Dedicates Park at Cape Cod,” New York March 31, 1966, 45.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks upon Signing Bill Authorizing the Cape Cod National Seashore Park,” August 7, 1961, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-authorizing-the-cape-cod-national-seashore-park.
Schneider, The Enduring Shore: A History of Cape Cod, Vineyard, and Nantucket (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 304.
M. Albright, “To Preserve Seashore; Warning Sounded That Steps Must Be Taken to Save Areas,” New York September 11, 1961, 26, https://www.nytimes.com/1961/09/11/archives/to-preserve-seashore-warning-sounded-that-steps-must-be-taken-to.html.
W. Giese, “A Federal Foundation for Wildlife Conservation of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 1920–1968,” PhD diss., American University, Washington, DC, 2008, 347–49.
Udall, tribute to Wallace Stegner at Western History Association, Albuquerque, NM, October 22, 1994. See also Jackson Benson, Wallace Stegner: His Life and Works (New York: Penguin, 1997), 278–79.
Stegner to Stewart Udall, June 7, 1963, box 215, folder 2, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Tucson, Tucson, AZ.
F. Kennedy, “Proclamation 3443—Establishing the Buck Island Reef National Monument in the Virgin Islands of the United States,” December 28, 1961, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3443-establishing-the-buck-island-reef-national-monument-the-virgin-islands.
F. Kennedy, “Proclamation 3439—Enlarging the Saguaro National Monument, Arizona,” November 15, 1961, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-3439-enlarging-the-saguaro-national-monument-arizona.
Leavengood, Tucson Hiking 4th ed. (Portland, OR: West Winds Press, 2014), 16–17.
L. Udall, Natural Treasures: National Monuments and Seashores (Waukesha, WI: Country Beautiful Corporation, 1971), 126.
Benson, Wallace Stegner: His Life and Work (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 279.
Stegner to Stewart Udall, December 30, 1961, in Wallace Stegner, The Selected Collections of Wallace ed. Page Stegner (New York: Shoemaker Hoard, 2001), 367–68.
Chapter 11: Rachel Carson, the Laurance Rockefeller Report, and Science Curve
F. Kennedy, “State of the Union Address,” January 11, 1962.
Souder, On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (New York: Crown, 2012), 318.
On a Farther 321.
in Alex MacGillivray, Rachel Silent ed. Neil Turnbull (New York: Barron’s Educational Series, 2004), 61.
O. Douglas, lecture at National Parks Association, Washington, DC, May 21, 1962, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
M. O’Fallon, Justice: Writings of William O. Douglas (Corvallis: Oregon University Press, 2000), 291.
O. Douglas, lecture, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Carson to Dorothy Freeman, May 20, 1962, in Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, Always, Rachel: The Letters of Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, 1952–1964—The Story of a Remarkable ed. Martha Freeman (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1994), 404–05.
On a Farther 323–26.
Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 3.
6.
O. Douglas, My Wilderness: East to Katahdin (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961).
32.
Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Henry Holt, 1992), 419.
Silent
in Lear, Rachel 419.
Koehn, “Rachel Caron’s Lessons, 50 Years After ‘Silent Spring,’” New York October 27, 2012,
F. Kennedy, “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 11, 1962, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-the-congress-the-state-the-union-4.
E. Pesonen, “Outdoor Recreation for America: An Analysis,” Sierra Club May 1962, 6–12.
F. Kennedy, “Special Message to the Congress on Conservation,” March 1, 1962, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-conservation.
“Outdoor Recreation for America: An Analysis,” 6–12.
Schweber, This America Is Ours: Bernard and Avis DeVoto and the Forgotten Fight to Save the Wild (Boston: Mariner Books, 2022).
Raymond Einberger, With Distance in His Eyes: The Environmental Life and Legacy of Stewart Udall (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2018).
With Distance in His 212–16.
Paulsell, “Udall Goes Too Far on Federal Parks,” Arizona December 12, 1961, 6.
Conard, “Tough as the Hills: The Making of the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve,” Kansas Summer 2006, 72.
Irate; Secretary Ordered off Land,” Wichita December 14, 1961, 1.
Wilkinson, interview with Stewart Udall, September 24, 2003. Center for American West, University of Colorado at Boulder, 3, https://drive.google.com/field/1x99fjwxPeLosOVYb4zi4xs5NBL2H/view.
G. Smith, “1962: The Year That Changed the Redskins,” October 10, 2011, https://www.washingtonian.com/2011/10/10/1962-the-year-that-changed-the-redskins/.
interview with Robert Stanton, August 18, 2020.
Stanton to author, January 17, 2022. Stanton sent me a fat folder of relevant information that I hope to use in a future book project on national parks.
in introduction to Editors of American Heritage, The American Heritage Book of Indians (New York: American Heritage,
in “The Life of Alvin M. Josephy Jr., Authoritative Interpreter of History,” Indian Country Today, September 12, 2018, https://indiancountrytoday.com/archive/the-life-of-alvin-m-josephy-jr-authoritative-interpreter-of-history.
L. Allen, Uneasy Alchemy: Citizens and Experts in Chemical Corridor Disputes (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003), 28.
Shrader-Frechette, Environmental Justice: Creating Equality, Reclaiming Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 9.
Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Viking Penguin, 1986), 233.
of the Year: U.S. Scientists,” January 2, 1961, 40, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,895239,00.html.
C. Sorensen, “A View from the White House,” in Jerry Wiesner: Scientist, Statesman, Humanist: Memories and ed. Walter A. Rosenblith and Judy F. Rosenblith (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003), 267–68.
Emeritus Jerome Wiesner Is Dead at 79,” MIT News, October 26, 1994, https://news.mit.edu/1994/weisner-obit-1026.
Pauling to John F. Kennedy, March 1, 1962, Special Collections and Archives and Research Center, Oregon State University Library, Corvallis, Oregon.
Revelle and H. Suess, “Carbon Dioxide Exchange Between Atmosphere and Ocean and the Questions of an Increase of Atmospheric During the Past Decade,” Tullus 9, no. 1, (February 1957).
P. Anderson to John F. Kennedy, February 14, 1961, John F. Kennedy, Roosevelt Library, Boston, Massachusetts.
in Scott McVay, Surprise Encounters with Artists and Scientists, Whales and Other Living Things (Wild River Books, 2015), 148.
C. Lilly, Man and Dolphin (New York: Doubleday, 1961).
O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 220.
Thomas, “Producer Makes Stars of Dolphone, Rhinoceros,” San Bernardino County October 21, 1963, 19.
Riley, “The Dolphin Who Loved Me,” Guardian (London), June 8, 2014.
Chapter 12: The White House Conservation Conference
Francis, unpublished memoir, private collection, Charlestown, New Hampshire.
O. Douglas, “Thoreau,” speech at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC, May 11, 1962, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
A. Loftus, “Udall Urges Aid on Conservation,” New York May 25, 1962, 30.
K. Musil, Rachel Carson and Her Sisters: Extraordinary Women Who Have Shaped Environment (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2014), 117–18.
Backes, A Wilderness Within: The Life of Sigurd F. Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), xiii.
L. Udall, “Address by Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall at White House Conference on Conservation,” West Auditorium, Department of State, Washington, DC, May 24, 1962.
84.
100.
99.
100.
W. Ottenad, “Grumbling over White House Conference on Conservation,” St. Louis May 27, 1962, 35.
Worster, “The Highest Altruism,” Environmental October 2014, 716.
W. T. Harvey, Wilderness Forever: Howard Zahniser and the Path to the Wilderness Act (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005), 230–31.
in the Capitol for One of Nation’s Top Congressmen, Representative Wayne Aspinall,” (Grand Junction, Colorado) Daily October 22, 1962.
Collins, “Acting for Wilderness: The Word Is Vigilance,” Washington December 23, 1984.
Conservation Conference,” New York May 26, 1962, 24, https://www.nytimes.com/1962/05/26/archives/the-conservation-conference.html.
interview with Sharon Francis, June 4, 2014.
unpublished memoir.
Tying Mather, Report on the Proposed Sand Dunes National Park, Indiana (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1917), 3.
Sandburg, “Chicago,” in Chicago Poems (New York: Henry Holt, 1916).
Callahan, Carl Sandburg: Lincoln of Literature (New York: University Press, 1970), 45, 97–98.
Udall to President John F. Kennedy, October 27, 1961, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Sandburg, letter to Paul Douglas, 1958, quoted in Ron co*ckrell, A Signature of Time and Eternity: The Administrative History of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana (Omaha, NE: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Office of Planning and Resource Preservation, Division of Cultural Resource Management, 1988); National Park Service, “Authorization of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 1965–1966,” https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/indu/adhi4a.htm.
Douglas, In the Fullness of Time: The Memoirs of Paul H. Douglas (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), 538.
Douglas, “Statement of Senator Paul H. Douglas on a National Park in the Indiana Dunes,” 1959, Papers of Paul H. Douglas, Part 2, subseries 17, Chicago History Museum.
Denis, The Living Great Lakes: Searching for the Heart of the Inland Islands (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2003), 58.
Schneider, “Lee Botts, Environmentalist and Champion of the Great Lakes, Is Dead at 91,” New York October 17, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/science/lee-botts-dead.html.
Palmer, The Wild and Scenic Rivers of America (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 16–22.
in Tim Palmer, Endangered Rivers and the Conservation Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 90–93.
in Joe David Rice, “Arkansas Backstories: Buffalo River,” AY May 29, 2019, https://www.aymag.com/arkansas-backstories-buffalo-river/.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
in Kenneth L. Smith, Buffalo River Handbook (Little Rock, AR: Ozark Foundation, 2018), 107.
Montrie, Making a Living: Work and Environment in the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 106.
Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 437.
in Scott Dewey, “Working for the Environment: Organized Labor and the Origins of Environmentalism in the United States, 1948–1970,” Environmental History (January 1998), 45–63.
Refuge Recreation Act of 1962, with subsequent amendments, authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to administer refuges, hatcheries and other conservation areas for recreational use, when such uses do not interfere with the primary purpose for which these areas were established.” Also, see “Refuge Recreation Act,” US Fish & Wildlife Service, https://www.fws.gov/law/refuge-recreation-act#-text=The%20Refuge%20Recreation%20Act%20of,which%20%these20%areas%20were%established. See also https://www.govinfo.gove/content/pkg/USCODE-2017-title16/pdf/USCODE-2017-title16-chap1-subchapLXVIII.pdf.
Conservation Fund,” hearing, 87th Congress, 2nd Session, July 11, 1962, 2–7.
States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sport Fisheres and Wildlife, “1962 Public Use of National Wildlife Refuges,” n.d. (stamped May 20, 1964), https://archive.org/details/1962publicuseofn449usfi.
Hails Establishment of New Wildlife Refuges as ‘Banner Day,’” US Fish and Wildlife Service, June 28, 1962, https://www.fws.gov/news/Historic/NewsReleases/1962/19620628a.pdf.
and William Riley, Guide to The National Wildlife Refuges (New York: Macmillan, 1992), 241.
and Riley, Guide to the National Wildlife 68–69.
F. Kennedy to Governor Elbert Carvel, June 18, 1963, Douglas Brinkley private papers, Rice University.
had dedicated Theodore Roosevelt’s Sagamore Hill home in bucolic Oyster Bay, Long Island, as a national shrine on June 14, 1953, but the home, which was open to the public as a museum, was privately run by the Theodore Roosevelt Association (TRA). Roosevelt’s birthplace at 28 East 20th Street in New York City was likewise run by the TRA; now, thanks to Kennedy, both became part of the National Park Service’s portfolio. See “An Act to Authorize Establishment of the Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace and Sagamore Hill National Historic Sites, New York, and for Other Purposes,” Public Law 87-547, 76 July 25, 1962, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-76/pdf/STATUTE-76-Pg217.pdf.
Udall, speech, July 8, 1963, quoted in Bill Bleyer, Sagamore Hill: Theodore Summer White House (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2016), 113–14.
Footwork in the Wilderness,” New York August 11, 1962, 28, https://www.nytimes.com/1962/08/11/archives/legal-footwork-in-the-wilderness.html.
O. Douglas, The Autobiography of William O. vol. 2, The Court Years, 1939–1975 (New York: Random House, 1980), 308–9.
Chapter 13: Rachel Alarm
Conis, “DDT Disbelievers: Health and the New Economic Poisons in Georgia After World War II,” Southern Spaces, October 28, 2016, https://southernspaces.org/2016/ddt-disbelievers-health-and-new-economic-poisons-georgia-after-world-war-ii/.
Wire,” Wall Street August 3, 1962, 1.
Controlling Pests,” Washington July 13, 1962, A18.
K. Hecht, “Constructing a Scientist: Expert Authority and Public Images of Rachel Carson,” Historical Studies in Natural Sciences 41, no. 3 (summer 2011), 277–302.
Knight, “A Case Study in Environmental Contamination,” quoted in Paul Brooks, The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 354.
Casey, “Biologist Warns Against Wide Use of Insecticides,” Washington May 29, 1962, A1. See also Tatiana Schlossberg, Inconspicuous Consumption: The Environmental Impact You Know You Have (New York: Grand Central, 2019), 117.
Souder, On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (New York: Crown, 2012), 317.
Heitman, “‘The Sea Trilogy’ Review: Waves of Wonder,” Wall Street March 3, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-sea-trilogy-review-waves-of-wonder-11646348073.
R. Quaratiello, Rachel Carson: A Biography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 94.
Carson, “Of Man and the Stream of Time,” Scripps College, Claremont, California, June 12, 1962, Rachel Carson Papers, Yale Univesity, https://loa-shared.s3.amazonaws.com/static/pdf/Carson_Stream_Time.pdf.
On a Farther 338.
319.
Levine, Up Close: Rachel Carson (New York: Penguin, 2008), 167.
Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 1.
On a Farther 324.
12.
The House of 267.
Rachel 97.
in Paul Brooks, Speaking for Nature: How Literary Naturalists from Henry Thoreau to Rachel Carson Have Shaped America (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 285–86.
Rachel 106.
Silent 42.
12.
Carson’s Warning,” New York July 2, 1962, 28, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/07/02/82052400.html?pageNumber=28.
Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Henry Holt, 1992), 207.
A. Caro, “Pesticides,” August 21, 22, 23, and 24, 1962.
interview with Robert Caro, August 11, 2020.
F. Kennedy, “News Conference 42,” August 29, 1962, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-press-conferences/news-conference-42. Also quoted in Brooks, The House of 305.
On a Farther 4.
Rachel 420.
E. Davis, The Bald Eagle: The Improbable Journey of Bird (New York: W. W. Norton, 2022), 261.
interview with Edward Kennedy, July 3, 2007.
F. Kennedy, “Commencement Address at Yale University,” June 11, 1962, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/yale-university-19620611.
On a Farther 332.
C. Cowen, “The Chemical War on Pests: Is It Getting Out of Hand?,” Christian Science August 10, 1962, 9.
Silent 99.
Koehn, Forged in Crisis: The Power of Courageous Leadership in Turbulent Times (New York Scribner, 2017), 427–28.
Spring By Rachel Carson,” February 23, 1963, 711.
Darby, “Silence, Miss Carson!,” Chemical and Engineering News 40 (October 1, 1962): 60–62.
The Price for Progress,” September 28, 1962, 45, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,940091-1,00.html.
Gentle Storm Center,” October 12, 1962, 105–10.
On a Farther 345.
D. McFadden, “Frances Oldham Kelsey, Who Saved U.S. Babies from Thalidomide, Dies at 101,” New York August 7, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/08/science/frances-oldham-kelsey-fda-doctor-who-exposed-danger-of-thalidomide-dies-at-101.html.
in Lear, Rachel 412.
Eiseley, “Using a Plague to Fight a Plague,” Saturday September 29, 1962, 18–19.
Rachel 114.
Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), 105–7.
Chapter 14: Point Reyes (California) and Padre Island (Texas) National Seashores
W. Moss, “Stewart L. Udall Oral History Interview,” JFK #6, June 2, 1970, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Udall%2C%20Stewart%20L/JFKOH-SLU-06/JFKOH-SLU-06-TR.pdf, 109.
G. Stillman, Looking at Ansel Adams: The Photographs of the Man (New York: Little, Brown, 2012), 83.
“Stewart L. Udall Oral History Interview,” 112–13.
T. Morrissey, “Wayne N. Aspinall Oral History Interview,” November 10, 1965, John F. Kennedy, Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Aspinall%2C%20Wayne%20N/JFKOH-WNA-01/JFKOH-WNA-01-TR.pdf, 3.
S. Rogers, Fryingpan-Arkansas Project (Washington, DC: Bureau of Reclamation, 2006), 2, 6.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks at the Dedication of the Oahe Dam, Pierre, South Dakota,” August 17, 1962, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-dedication-the-oahe-dam-pierre-south-dakota.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks in Los Banos, California, at the Ground-Breaking Ceremonies for the San Luis Dam,” August 18, 1962, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-los-banos-california-the-ground-breaking-ceremonies-for-the-san-luis-dam.
W. T. Harvey, A Symbol of Wilderness: Echo Park and the American Conservation Movement (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1994), 56.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks in Pueblo, Colorado Following Approval of the Fryingpan-Arkansas Project,” August 17, 1962, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-pueblo-colorado-following-approval-the-fryingpan-arkansas-project.
Udall, Oral History, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 110.
Adams to Stewart Udall, August 14, 1962, in Ansel Adams: Letters and Images, ed. Mary Street Alinder and Andrea Gray Stillman (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988), 292.
National Park Facebook post, August 17, 2014.
Setencich, “Friendliness, Mutual Interest Mark Kennedy Yosemite Tour,” Fresno August 19, 1962, 8.
T. Folliard, “15,000 See Kennedy Trigger Start of Work at Dam Site,” Washington August 19, 1962, A1.
“Friendliness, Mutual Interest Mark Kennedy Yosemite Tour.”
Udall to Ansel Adams, August 14, 1962, Stewart Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks at San Luis Dam Ground-Breaking, Los Banos, California,” August 18, 1962, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/039/JFKPOF-039-039.
Cahn, “Ansel Adams, Environmentalist,” Sierra Club May–June 1979, 31–49.
W. Giese, “A Federal Foundation for Wildlife Conservation: The Evolution of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 1920–1968,” PhD diss., American University, 2008, 363.
Gilliam, Island in Time: The Point Reyes Peninsula (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1962).
Udall, foreword, in Harold Gilliam, Island in Time: The Point Reyes Peninsula (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1962), 8.
Crisler, Arctic Wild: The Remarkable True Story of One Adventures Living Among Wolves (New York: Lyons Press, 1999), 38.
R. Vale, “Conservation Strategies in the Redwoods,” Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers 36 (1974): 103.
Dwayne Jones, Padre Island National Seashore: An Administrative http://npshistory.com/publications/pais/adhi/chap4.htm.
E. Davis, The Gulf: The Making of an American Sea (New York: Liveright, 2018), 322–23.
in “The Padre Island National Seashore Recreation Area; Introduction of Bill for Its Creation,” Congressional January 5, 1961, 159.
Padre Island National
Padre Island National
Bill for Padre Island Virtual ‘Giveaway’ Says Sadler, UPI Report,” (Harlingen, Texas) Valley Morning September 21, 1962, 1.
Act to Provide for the Establishment of the Padre Island National Seashore,” Public Law 87-711, September 27, 1962, GovTrack, https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/87/s4/text.
Cox, Ralph W. Yarborough: The Senator (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002).
O. Douglas, Farewell to Texas: A Vanishing Wilderness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 169.
Ralph W. 237–38.
M. Kennedy, preface to Cox, Ralph W. x.
Chapter 15: Campaigns to Save the Hudson River and Bodega Bay
Facts About John F. Kennedy,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/Research/Research-Aids/Ready-Reference/JFK-Fast-Facts/Honey-Fitz.aspx.
Swerdlow, Women Strike for Peace: Traditional Motherhood and Radical Politics in the 1960s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
Press, “Demonstrators Busy,” York October 24, 1962, 1.
Hevesi, “Dagmar Wilson, Anti-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94,” New York January 23, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/us/24wilson.html.
Shuster, “Close-up of a ‘Peace Striker,’” New York May 6, 1962, 251, https://www.nytimes.com/1962/05/06/archives/closeup-of-a-peace-striker-she-is-dagmar-wilson-a-washington.html.
Survival Is Problem,’ Mrs. M. L. King,” Pittsburgh April 7, 1962, 30.
Witness,” Spokane December 12, 1962, 17.
Power Plant Planned on Hudson,” New York September 27, 1962, 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1962/09/27/archives/huge-power-plant-planned-on-hudson-big-power-plant-to-rise-on.html.
Schuyler, Embattled River: The Hudson and Modern American Environmentalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2018), 11.
Legacy,” Scenic Hudson, https://www.scenichudson.org/about-us/our-legacy/.
Zissu, “How Franny Reese fought ConEd, saved Storm King Mountain,” Albany Times-Union, March 3, 2022.
Carmer, “Testimony Before the Federal Power Commission: In the Matter of Consolidated Edison,” May 1964, in David Stradling, The Environmental Movement: 1968–1972 (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2012), 33.
Cronin and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right (New York: Scribner, 1997), 33.
Stradling, The Nature of New York: An Environmental History of the Empire State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 189.
H. Boyle, “An Absence of Wood Nymphs,” Sports September 14, 1959, E5, https://vault.si.com/vault/1959/09/14/an-absence-of-wood-nymphs.
Tule Too Good for Duck?,” Sports December 14, 1959, 38.
H. Boyle, “‘I Am a Bit of a Fanatic,’” Sports October 21, 1963, 64, https://vault.si.com/vault/1963/10/21/i-am-a-bit-of-a-fanatic.
and Kennedy, The 30.
H. Boyle, “A Stink of Dead Stripers,” Sports April 26, 1965, 81, https://vault.si.com/vault/1965/04/26/a-stink-of-dead-stripers.
Boyle, “From a Mountaintop to 1,000 Fathoms Deep,” Sports August 17, 1964, 76.
H. Boyle, testimony, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries on Hudson River Spawning May 10–11, 1965 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office), 77.
The Nature of New 189.
Mason and Gaylord Nelson, “Interview: Gaylord Nelson,” Natural Resources & Summer 1995, 73–74.
Janson, “A National Lakeshore is Proposed for Wisconsin,” New York September 3, 1967, 83.
Brenes, “Here’s What Happened to the Last Green New Deal,” Politico, December 19, 2018, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/12/19/green-new-deal-congress-history-mcgovern-223315/.
Gives Plan on Air Pollution,” New York December 13, 1962, 7.
Conference on Air Pollution,” Public Health vol. 78, no. 5 (May 1963), 424.
L. Terry, “Let’s Clear the Air,” speech delivered at National Conference on Air Pollution, Washington, DC, December 10–12, 1962, 11.
Turner to John F. Kennedy, n.d.; Scott Turner to Stewart Udall, December 10, 1962, and undated, Udall Papers, University of Arizona, quoted in Thomas G. Smith, “John Kennedy, Stewart Udall, and New Frontier Conservation,” Pacific Historical August 1, 1995, 347.
Duscha, “Unspoiled Nature Is Udall’s Passion,” Washington December 9, 1962, E3.
Gude, “Presidents and the Potomac,” White House June 1997, White House Historical Association, https://www.whitehousehistory.org/presidents-and-the-potomac.
F. Kennedy, Jr., American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family (New York: HarperCollins, 2018), 106–7.
in Loren Eiseley, “An Appreciation of Robinson Jeffers,” Sierra Club Bulletin (December 1965), 60.
E. Pesonen, “The Battle of Bodega Bay,” Sierra Club June 1962, 9.
E. Pesonen, “A Visit to the Atomic Park,” the collected Sebastopol Times articles from September 27, October 4, 11, and 18, 1962, reprinted from the Sebastopol 1962.
Flint, “Struggle on the Seacoast,” Sierra Club April 1961, 9.
Engdahl, “Earthquake Expert Hits Bodega A-Plant Site,” Santa Rosa Press August 29, 1963, 6.
Gilliam, “Atom Versus Nature at Bodega,” San Francisco February 11, 1963.
Balogh, Chain Reaction: Expert Debate and Public Participation in American Commercial Nuclear Power, 1945–1975 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 246; Thomas Raymond Wellock, Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998), 17–67.
Daly, “Nuclear Fault Line—Bodega Bay,” Sonoma February 3, 2015.
Reynolds, “Little Boxes,” Schroder Music Company, 1962.
Reynolds, “Take It Away,” Schroder Music Company, 1963.
Lehrer, Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer with Not Enough Drawings by Ronald Searle (New York: Pantheon, 1991), 125.
113–14.
Chapter 16: The Tag Team of John F. Kennedy, Stewart Udall, and Rachel Carson
L. Miller, Under the Cloud: The Decades of Nuclear Testing (Woodlands, TX: Two-Sixty Press, 1991), 354.
Carson, speech in acceptance of the Schweitzer Medal, Animal Welfare Institute, January 7, 1963. See also Paul Brooks, The House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 315–16.
Ibid.
Schweitzer, letter to Rachel Carson, Lambaréné, March 16, 1963. The original letter was written in French and is in the Rachel Carson Council archives at the National Conservation Training Center, US Fish & Wildlife Service, Shepherdstown, West Virginia.
Cottrell Free, “In Memoriam,” Defenders of Wildlife News May–July 1964.
Carson, preface to Ruth Harrison, Animal Machines: The New Factory Farming Industry (New York: Ballantine, 1964). The preface is reprinted in Rachel Carson, Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel ed. Linda Lear (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 194–96. See also Zoe Ackerman et al., Pork and Pollution: An Introduction to Research and Action on Industrial Hog Rachel Carson Council, 2015, https://rachelcarsoncouncil.org/publications.
McKenna, “Ruth Harrison Obituary,” July 5, 2000.
Merton, The Seven Storey Mountain (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1948).
Weis, The Environmental Vision of Thomas Merton (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2011), 14.
Merton to Rachel Carson, January 12, 1963, Rachel Carson Papers, Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
interview with Stewart Udall, June 1, 2008.
Ferguson, The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West (New York: Penguin, 2006), 600–601.
F. Kennedy, “Statement by the President on the Death of Robert Frost,” January 29, 1963, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-the-death-robert-frost.
Van Dore, “Robert Frost and Wilderness,” Living Summer 1970, 48.
Frost, “In Winter in the Woods Alone,” in In the Clearing (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962), 101.
Scott, The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting Our Natural Heritage Through the Wilderness Act (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004), 53.
M. Hession, “The Legislative History of the Wilderness Act,” master’s thesis, San Diego State College, 1967, 207–8.
G. Kaufman, Henry M. Jackson: A Life in Politics (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011), 167–68.
Brower, acknowledgment, in Harvey Manning, The Wild Cascades, Forgotten Parkland (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1965), 901–58.
Daniels, Andrew P. Follett, and Joshua Davis, “The Making of the Clean Air Act,” Hastings Law Journal 71, no. 4 (2020), 918–19, https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol71/iss4/3.
Kemp Poole, Saving Florida: Fight for the Environment in the Twentieth Century (Tallahassee: University of Florida Press, 2016), 110.
in Joel K. Goldstein, “Edmund S. Muskie: The Environmental Leader and Champion,” Maine Law Review 67, no. 2 (2015): 227,
McKibben, Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play itself Out? (New York: Henry Holt, 2019), 4.
from Jerome Wiesner to John F. Kennedy, April 3, 1963, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Sevareid and Jay McMullen, “The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson,” CBS CBS, April 3, 1963.
Sevareid, Canoeing with the Cree (New York: Macmillan, 1935).
and McMullen, “The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson.”
White-Stevens, Biologist, 66,” (White Plains, NY) Journal September 7, 1978, 17.
Robert White-Stevens Dies,” Central New Jersey Home September 6, 1978, 29.
White-Stevens, “Letters: DDT Ban: A Judgment of Emotion and Mystique,” Science 170, no. 3961 (November 27, 1970): 928.
R. Quaratiello, Rachel Carson: A Biography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 112–13.
and McMullen, “The Silent Spring of Rachel Carson.”
Kirkley, “Look and Listen,” Baltimore April 3, 1963, 12.
Lowery, “Opera Staged Here Tonight; Pesticide Use Protocol by TV,” Raleigh News and April 3, 1963, 15.
in “Rachel Carson,” American PBS, season 29, episode 3, originally aired January 24, 2017, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/rachel-carson/.
M. Blair, “Pesticide Use Will Be Studied in Laboratory,” Arizona Daily April 26, 1963, 19.
Price Paid for Pesticide Use, Udall Asserts,” St. Louis April 25, 1963, 46.
Carson to Stewart Udall, May 3, 1963, Rachel Carson Papers, Bienecke Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Carson, “Remarks” at the Garden Club of America (50th Anniversary) Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, May 6–10, 1963, GCA September 1963, 75–76.
73.
“Remarks.”
Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Climate Change (New York: Bloomsbury, 2011), 220.
of Pesticides: A Report of the Science Advisory Committee (Washington, DC: White House, 1963), 20.
Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), Pesticides Report, May 15, 1963, Papers of John F. Kennedy, Presidential Papers, President’s Office Files, Departments and Agencies.
Science Advisory Committee, Use of Pesticides, A Report of the Science Advisory Committee (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1963), 4.
Wang, In Shadow: The Science Advisory Committee and the Cold War (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 200.
Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 269–70.
and Conway, Merchants of 225–30.
interview with Ethel Kennedy, March 15, 2018.
Kennedy, Jr., American Values: Lessons I Learned from My Family (New York: HarperCollins, 2018), 104.
105.
Raymond Einberger, With Distance in His Eyes: The Environmental Life and Legacy of Stewart Udall (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2018), 92–95.
Mackintosh, Assateague Island National Seashore: An Administrative History (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1982).
E. Nordlinger, “Goldstein Backs Udall on Assateague Issue,” Baltimore June 25, 1963, 24.
Homan, “Udall, Landowners Argue over Assateague’s Future,” Washington June 24, 1963.
(Salisbury, MD) Daily June 25, 1963, 8.
Department of the Interior, The Department of the Interior During the Administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson, LBJL, November 1963–January 76–78.
Porterfield, “Udall Aide Asserts Fire Island Road Will Bar Park Plan,” New York October 23, 1962, 38.
L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. See also Mackintosh, Assateague Island National 5–20.
Starker Leopold et al., Leopold Report: Wildlife Management in the National Parks (Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1963), 4.
Flores, Coyote America: A Natural and Supernatural History (New York: Basic Books, 2016), 160.
159–63.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks on Signing Outdoor Recreation Bill,” May 28, 1963, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/044/JFKPOF-044-030.
L. Moore and B. L. Driver, Introduction to Outdoor Recreation: Providing and Managing Natural Resource Based Opportunities (State College, PA: Venture, 2005), 16.
Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), 118.
Chapter 17: The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
F. Rothermel, “Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring Is Too Emotional,” Birmingham October 21, 1962.
G. Hewlett and Jack M. Hall, Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 529.
Constandina Titus, Bombs in the Backyard: Atomic Testing and American Politics (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986), 65.
in Norman Solomon, “50 Years Later, the Tragedy of Nuclear Tests in Nevada,” Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting, January 4, 2001, https://fair.org/media-beat-column/50-years-later-the-tragedy-of-nuclear-tests-in-nevada/.
Khrushchev to SANE, February 25, 1961, Swarthmore College Peace Collection (SCPC), Swarthmore College, Philadelphia, SANE records, Correspondence and Related Papers, 1961, 1962.
Rally, Parade in New York in Support of ‘Sane’ Nuclear Policy,” Great Falls (Montana) May 20, 1960, 2.
Cousins, The Improbable Triumvirate: John F. Kennedy, Pope John, Nikita Khrushchev (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), 24–25.
interview with Dr. Candis Cousins Kerns, April 4, 2021.
Pietrobon, “The Role of Norman Cousins and Track II Diplomacy in the Breakthrough to the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty,” Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 1 (Winter 2016): 60–70.
M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).
88th Congress, 1st session, 1963, 9415.
F. Kennedy, “Commencement Address at American University, Washington, D.C.,” June 10, 1963, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/american-university-19630610.
F. Kennedy, “Televised Address on Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” July 26, 1963, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum,
in Vincent J. Intondi, African Americans Against the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Colonialism, and the Black Freedom Movement (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015), 72.
Wagner and Marcel Gerber, “John F. Kennedy and the Limited Test Ban Treaty: A Case Study of Presidential Leadership,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 29, no. 2 (January 1999), 481.
November 1963, 37–39, 141–42.
interview with Ted Sorensen, July 14, 2008.
Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 817.
Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man and Technology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 52.
R. Fehner and F. G. Gosling, Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Testing, 1951–1963 (Washington, DC: US Department of Energy, 2006), 199.
Atomic Energy Commission, Annual Report to Congress (Washington, DC: N.p., 1963), 159.
Taylor, We Make a Difference: My Personal Journey with Women Strike for Peace (Philadelphia: Camino Books, 1998).
Hevesi, “Dagmar Wilson, Anti-Nuclear Leader, Dies at 94,” New York January 23, 2011.
Chapter 18: Last Conservation Journey
W. Kenworthy, “Kennedy to Make a 10-State Tour of U.S. Projects,” New York September 1, 1963, 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/01/archives/kennedy-to-make-a-10state-tour-of-us-projects-fiveday-inspection.html.
Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2001), 36.
Souder, On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (New York: Crown, 2012), 376–77; Alvin Shuster, “Close Up of a ‘Peace Striker’: She Is Dagmar Wilson, a Washington Housewife and Political Neophyte,” New York Times Magazine, May 6, 1962, 66.
Duscha, “JFK Zooms In on ‘Quiet Crisis,’” Washington September 22, 1963, E3.
R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963 (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 636.
at Pinchot Institute for Conservation Studies,” Milford, PA, September 24, 1963, Papers of John F. Kennedy, President’s Office Files, Speech Files.
Wicker, “President Tours 3 States in West,” New York September 26, 1963, 1, 27.
Gets Good Look at Islands’ Bald Eagles,” Milwaukee September 25, 1963; Bill Christofferson, The Man from Clear Lake: Earth Day Founder Senator Gaylord Nelson (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004), 306.
The Man from Clear 214.
Nelson to John F. Kennedy, May 16, 1963, Gaylord Nelson Papers, Clear Lake Area Historical Museum, Clear Lake, WI.
Nelson, recorded interview by Edwin R. Bayley, July 1, 1964, 8–10, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program.
Nelson to John F. Kennedy, May 16, 1963.
The Man from Clear 301.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks,” Ashland, WI, September 24, 1963, appendix B, in North Central Field Committee, Proposed Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Bayfield and Ashland Counties, Wisconsin (Washington, DC: United States Department of the Interior, 1965).
W. Feldman, A Storied Wilderness: Rewilding the Apostle Islands (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011), 176.
Vows Support for L. Superior Region,” Green Bay September 25, 1963, 2. See also John F. Kennedy, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1964), 707–09.
in Christofferson, The Man from Clear 307.
F. Kennedy, “Address to the Delegates to the Northern Great Lakes Region Land and People Conference, Duluth, Minnesota, 24 September 1963,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHA/1963/JFKWHA-221-001/JFKWHA-221-001.
Area Deserves Park Site, Says Kennedy,” Oshkosh Daily September 25, 1963, 1.
Islands Are Favored by President,” Associated Press, September 25, 1963.
Edson, “JFK Happy with Red Split, Lauds Atomic Test Ban Pact,” Casper Morning September 26, 1963, 1.
interview with George McGovern, December 23, 2007.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks at the Hanford, Washington Electric Generating Plant, 26 September 1963,” John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKPOF/047/JFKPOF-047-002.
Tate, “President Kennedy Participates in Groundbreaking Ceremonies for Construction of N Reactor at Hanford on September 26, 1963,” HistoryLink.org, https://www.historylink.org/file/10640.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous History of the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 2014), 181.
Wicker, “President Is Hailed by Crowds on Coast,” New York September 28, 1963, 1, https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/28/archives/president-is-hailed-by-crowds-on-coast-crowds-on-coast-cheer.html.
F. Kennedy to Mr. and Mrs. Donau, September 28, 1963, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
Visit to Lassen,” National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/lavo/learn/historyculture/jfk.htm.
F. Kennedy, “Remarks at the Convention Center in Las Vegas, Nevada,” September 28, 1963, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-convention-center-las-vegas-nevada.
Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 317.
“Remarks at the Convention Center in Las Vegas, Nevada.”
Constandina Titus, Bombs in the Backyard: Atomic Testing and American Politics (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986), 99–100.
99.
‘Conservation’ Trip,” New York September 24, 1963, 38, https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/24/archives/the-conservation-trip.html.
in John Hart, Muir Woods National Monument (San Francisco: Golden Gate National Park Conservancy, 2011), 138.
Brower with Steve Chapple, Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run (New York: HarperCollins West, 1995), 144.
Carson to Dorothy Freeman, October 26, 1963, in Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, Always, Rachel: The Letters of Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, 1952–1964—The Story of a Remarkable ed. Martha Freeman (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), 484.
R. Quaratiello, Rachel Carson: A Biography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 113.
Carson, Lost Woods: The Discovered Writing of Rachel ed. Linda Lear (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998), 231–32.
Carson to Dorothy Freeman, October 26, 1963, in ibid., 484–85. Also, author interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
in Fox, The American Conservation 298.
T. Yenckel, “Wild, Scenic and Protected,” Washington July 26, 1962, E1, E9.
Scott, The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting Our Natural Heritage Through the Wilderness Act (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004), 53–54.
wire, November 22, 1963, https://www.tsl.texas.gov/sites/default/files/public/tslac/landing/documents/jfk-upi_feed-1.pdf.
Udall, handwritten letter following news of Kennedy assassination, A2 372, Box 109, Folder 3, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Oakes, “John Fitzgerald Kennedy,” New York November 23, 1963, https://www.nytimes.com/1963/11/23/john-fitzgerald-kennedy.html.
Chapter 19: The Mississippi Fish Kill, the Clean Air Act, and American Beautification
Carson to Dorothy Freeman, November 3, 1963, in Carson and Freeman, Always, 488–89.
Carson to Dorothy Freeman, November 27, 1963, in ibid., 487–489.
J. Hogan, The Afterlife of John Fitzgerald Kennedy: A Biography (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 65.
Green, “Carol Johnson, 91, a Trailblazing Landscape Architect,” New York January 9, 2021, A19.
Fatal to Fish Is Traced,” New York April 5, 1964, 70, https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/05/archives/pesticide-fatal-to-fish-is-traced-endrin-is-identified-in-tests-at.html.
Fatal to Gulf Shrimp,” New York March 26, 1964, 26.
Zwick and Marcy Benstock, Water Wasteland (Chicago: Grossman Publishers, 1971), 48.
Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), 470.
Zwick and Marcy Benstock, Water Wasteland: Ralph Study Group Report on Water Pollution (New York: Grossman, 1971), 46–47.
Carson Gets ’63 Audubon Medal for ‘Silent Spring,’” New York December 4, 1963, 49.
Carson to Lois Crisler, March 19, 1963, Rachel Carson Papers, Beinecke Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
of Rachel Carson to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, December 6, 1963, RCP/BLYU.
in Hal K. Rothman, Texas White House: “Our Home” (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2001), 9.
Adams to Lyndon B. Johnson, September 4, 1964, Box 190, Folder 1, Udall Papers, Tucson, AZ.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
L. Udall, The Quiet Crisis and the Next Generation (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1991), 182.
Stoddard to Stewart Udall, November 12, 1963, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Edwards to Stewart Udall, October 25, 1963, Folder 1, Box 213, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Carson to Stewart Udall, November 12, 1963, University of Arizona Special Collections Department, Special Exhibition, September 2014.
The Quiet 174, 179.
Boyd Finch, Legacies of Camelot (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008), 135; Kathleen Shull, “Stewart Udall Reflects on the Mistakes of This Century,” Wildcat Online News, November 15, 1999, https://wc.arizona.edu/papers/93/59/08_1_m.html.
Scott Bagley, Desert Rose: The Life and Legacy of Coretta Scott King (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2012), 158–59.
Intondi, “W.E.B. Du Bois to Coretta Scott King: The Untold History of the Movement to Ban the Bomb,” Zinn Education Project, July 30, 2015, https://www.zinnedproject.org/if-we-knew-our-history/web-dubois-coretta-scott-king-ban-the-bomb/.
On a Farther 344.
in Ben Bradlee, A Good Life: Newspapering and Other Adventures (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 273–74.
in Harold Holzer, The Presidents vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media—from the Founding Fathers to Fake News (New York: Penguin Random House, 2020).
L. Gillette, interview with George Reedy, December 20, 1983, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Oral History Collection, 11, 49–50.
Udall, Memorandum to the President, “The Administration and Conservation—a Look at Programs and Priorities,” December 9, 1963, Folder 8, Box 115, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Z. Jacobson, Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 176.
Komanoff, “IN MEMORIAM: ‘Do All the Good You Can’—The Life of Urban Ecology Pioneer Carolyn Konheim,” Streetsblog NYC, December 2, 2019, https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/12/02/in-memoriam-do-all-the-good-you-can-the-life-of-urban-ecology-pioneer-carolyn-konheim/. In the late 1960s, Mr. Komanoff was a junior economist working with Konheim in the Lindsay administration environmental offices.
C. Stern, “History of Air Pollution Legislation in the United States,” Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 32, no. 1 (1982): 44–61, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00022470.1982.10465369.
L. Rathje, “Rubbish,” Atlantic December 1989, 99.
V. Melosi, Effluent America: Cities, Industry, Energy, and the Environment (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001), 78–81.
Udall, journal, December 23, 1963, Folder 1, Box 117, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
quoted in Thomas G. Smith, Stewart L. Udall: Steward of the Land (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2017), 200.
B. Johnson, comments at cabinet meeting, February 25, 1965, Special Files, Cabinet Papers, Box 2, LBJ Presidential Library.
B. Johnson to Stewart L. Udall, October 17, 1965, Stewart Udall file 1/1/1965 to 12/31/1965, LBJL.
Stegner, dust jacket quote for George B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks (Mount Kisco, NY: Mayer Bell, 1988).
L. Udall, oral history interview, September 19, 2005.
Bird Johnson and Carlton B. Lees, Wildflowers Across America (New York: National Wildflower Research Center/Abbeville Press, 1988), 8.
in Rose Houk, A Biography of Lady Bird Johnson: Legacy of Beauty (Tucson, AZ: Western National Parks Association, 2006), 31.
L. Gould, “Lady Bird Johnson and Beautification,” The Johnson vol. 2, Vietnam, the Environment and ed. Robert A. Divine (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987), 152–53.
Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 870.
850.
T. Jackson, “Robert Moses and the Rise of New York: The Power Broker Perspective,” in Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New ed. Hilary Ballon and Kenneth T. Jackson (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008), 69.
Arsenault, Mill Town: Reckoning with What Remains (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2020), 282.
The Power 860.
Park Areas Opposed,” New York April 18, 1961, 36, https://www.nytimes.com/1961/04/18/archives/diminishing-park-areas-opposed.html.
J. Campanella, Brooklyn: The Once and Future City (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019), 403.
Mumford, My Works and Days: A Personal Chronicle (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979); Lewis Mumford, The Highway and the City (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963), 235.
and Lees, Wildflowers Across 12.
Chapter 20: The Great Society
Norton Leonard, “Rachel Carson Dies of Cancer: ‘Silent Spring’ Author was 56,” New York April 15, 1964, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/05/reviews/carson-obit.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=rachel%2520carson&st=cse.
Souder, On a Farther Shore: The Life and Legacy of Rachel Carson (New York: Crown, 2012), 388–89.
R. Quaratiello, Rachel Carson: A Biography (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2010), 121.
Carson, The Sense of Wonder (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 95.
B. Gartner, Rachel Carson (Literature & Life) (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1983), 135–36.
Boucher, “The Legacy of Silent Spring,” Boston Globe March 15, 1987, 17, 37–47.
Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 277.
Coit Murphy, What a Book Can Do: The Publication and Reception of “Silent Spring” (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005), 8.
in Rachel Carson’s Footsteps: the Icon Who Launched the Contemporary Environmental Movement Also Helped Create the Nature Conservancy in Maine,” Nature Conservancy, March 24, 2021, accessed May 23, 2022, https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/maine/stories-in-maine/the-nature-conservancy-in-maine-rachel-carson-walking-in-her-footsteps/.
interview with Allison Rockefeller, May 6, 2021. The Rachel Carson Award is presented annually by the National Audubon Society’s Women in Conservation. The Rachel Carson Awards Council was founded in 2004 by Allison Whipple Rockefeller.
Foster, “Carrying on Rachel Carson’s Work,” Washington Beacon 34, no. 3 (March 2022), 16.
in Paul Brooks, House of Life: Rachel Carson at Work (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 317.
Rappaport Clark to author, June 5, 2001, Defenders of Wildlife, Washington, DC.
Nelson, “The Effects of Pesticides on Sports and Commercial Fisheries,” statement before the Senate Subcommittee on Energy, Natural Resources, and the Environment of the Committee on Commerce, May 19, 1969 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1969), 36.
Graham, Jr., Since Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), 107.
On a Farther 348.
in Frank Church, “The New Conservation,” speech delivered at Idaho Parks and Recreation Convention, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, April 22, 1969.
F. Wurster, DDT Wars: Rescuing our National Bird, Preventing Cancer, and Creating the Environmental Defense Fund (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 8.
Wars and the Birth of EDF,” Special Report, Environmental Defense Fund, Summer 2015, https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/specialreport_summer2015.pdf, 2.
F. Wurster, “Letter on DDT,” Long Island May 6, 1966.
A New Day in Court,” October 24, 1969.
Wars and the Birth of EDF,” 3.
interview with Victor Yannacone, March 11, 2020.
Udall, “The Legacy of Rachel Carson,” Saturday May 16, 1964, 23.
“Interview with Dr. Sylvia Earle,” Marine Bio Conservation Society, April 29, 2010, https://marinebio.org/interview-with-dr-sylvia-earle/.
Baker, Sylvia Earle: Guardian of the Sea (Minneapolis: Lerner Pub Group, 2001).
Science Festival, “Sylvia Earle: Oceanographer, Explorer, Pioneer, Remarkable Woman,” YouTube, October 9, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d06i4isc9fw.
Steingraber, ed., Rachel Carson: The Sea Trilogy (New York: Library of America, 2021), 1.
Carson to Dorothy Freeman, in Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, Always, Rachel: The Letters of Rachel Carson and Dorothy Freeman, 1952–1964—The Story of a Remarkable ed. Martha Freeman (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994), 231.
in Eliza Griswold, “How ‘Silent Spring’ Ignited the Environmental Movement,” New York Times September 21, 2012, 36, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/magazine/how-silent-spring-ignited-the-environmental-movement.html.
Gore, introduction to Carson, Silent
Wang, “Responding to Silent Spring,” Science Communication 19, no. 2 (December 1997), 142.
Kenny, “The Green Terror,” quoted in Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York: Bloomsbury, 2010), 222.
Tierney, “Fateful Voice of a Generation Still Drowns Out Real Science,” New York June 5, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/science/earth/05tier.html.
Sowell, Controversial Essays (Standford: Hoover Institution Press Publication, 2002).
227–28.
B. Johnson, “Remarks at the University of Michigan,” May 22, 1964, The American Presidency Project, accessed May 23, 2022, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-university-michigan.
B. Johnson, “Remarks at the University of Michigan,” May 22, 1964, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-university-michigan.
See also Randall B. Woods, Prisoners of Hope: Lyndon B. Johnson, the Great Society, and the Limits of Liberalism (New York: Basic Books, 2016), 1–4.
interview with Richard Goodwin, April 9, 2008.
“Commencement Address at the University of Michigan.”
Beals, “4 Surprisingly Green Presidents,” February 2014, https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/green-life/2014/02/4-surprisingly-green-presidents.
Goodwin, judicial opinion, Wetlands Water Dist. v. U.S. of United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, 376.F.3rd 853 (9th Cir. 2004).
B. Johnson, “Remarks on the Transfer to New Jersey of Lands for the Sandy Hook State Park,” June 23, 1964, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-transfer-new-jersey-lands-for-the-sandy-hook-state-park.
interview with Richard Goodwin, April 9, 2008.
and Death of a Primeval Empire,” American February 1967, 18–22.
Udall, memorandum to President Lyndon Johnson, May 27, 1964, Folder 8, Box 115, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ. See also Thomas G. Smith, Stewart L. Udall: Steward of the Land (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2017), 195.
L. Udall, foreword, in Philip Hyde and François Leydet, The Last Redwoods: Photographs and Story of a Vanishing Scenic Resource (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1963), 11.
Redwoods: A National Opportunity for Conservation and Alternatives for Action (Washington, DC: n.p., 1964).
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
by Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, Park City, Utah, August 15, 1964,” Mrs. Johnson—Speeches, Reference File, LBJ Presidential Library.
Flaming Gorge speech, White House Social Files, Liz Carpenter, Subject File, Western Trip, Box 9, August 14–17, 1964, LBJ Presidential Library.
L. Gould, Lady Bird Johnson and the Environment (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 39. Also “Land and People Tour of Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson to Montana, Wyoming and Utah,” August 14–17, 1964, Box 6, Stewart Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Udall to Lyndon Johnson, August 19, 1964; LBJ to Udall, August 24, 1964, WHCF, EX/PP5/LBJ, July 15, 1964–October 1964, LBJ Presidential Library.
S. Sutter, Driven Wild: How the Fight Against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002), 256.
Vitello, “Maurice Barbash, Who Saved Fire Island’s Terrain, Dies at 88,” New York March 21, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/22/nyregion/maurice-barbash-a-builder-who-fought-for-fire-island-dies-at-88.html.
Eysen, “Optimistic Senators Tour Fire Island,” June 29, 1964, 4.
signed Public Law 88-587 to establish Fire Island National Seashore on September 11, 1964.
K. Rothman, Texas White House: “Our Home” (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2001), 4.
A. Smith, Cowboy Presidents: The Frontier Myth and U.S. Politics Since 1900 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2021), 73.
Holzer, The Presidents vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media—from the Founding Fathers to Fake News (New York: Penguin Random House, 2020).
Brister, “LBJ: Outdoor Sportsman,” October 1964, 39–40, 80–88.
Reedy, Lyndon B. Johnson: A Memoir (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1982), 154.
A. Smith, Cowboy Presidents: The Frontier Myth and U.S. Politics Since 1900 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2021), 63.
Morton Turner, The Promise of Wilderness: American Environmental Politics Since 1964 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012), 2.
B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Signing of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965,” October 22, 1965, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-signing-the-highway-beautification-act-1965.
Bernstein, Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 277.
J. Desautels, interview by William Hartigan, February 16, 1977, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program, 20.
States Congress, House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Bills to Establish a National Wilderness Preservation System for the Permanent Good of the Whole People, and for other Purposes (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1964), 1205.
R. Marsh, Drawing Lines in the Forest: Creating Wilderness Areas in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007), 87.
Zahniser, The Wilderness Writings of Howard ed. Mark Harvey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2014), 198.
C. Schulte, Wayne Aspinall and the Shaping of the American West (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2002), 76.
in Bernstein, Guns or 270–77.
in Zahniser, The Wilderness Writings of Howard 198.
Zahniser, “Wildlands, a Part of Man’s Environment,” quoted in Mark W. T. Harvey, Wilderness Forever: Howard Zahniser and the Path to the Wilderness Act (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007), 253.
Chapter 21: The Wilderness Act of 1964
Leopold, “Wilderness as a Form of Land Use,” Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics 1, no. 4 (1925): 400.
Scott, The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting Our Natural Heritage Through the Wilderness Act (Golden, CO: Fulcrum, 2004), 54.
States Congress, Public Law 88-577, An Act to Establish a National Wilderness Preservation System for the Permanent Good of the Whole People, and for Other Purposes, September 3, 1964, quoted in ibid., 127.
Humphrey to Lawrence O’Brien, August 4, 1964, Legislative Background, Wilderness Act File, LBJ Presidential Library.
R. Marsh, Drawing Lines in the Forest (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007), 5.
The Enduring 55.
B. Johnson, “Remarks upon Signing the Wilderness Bill and the Land and Water Conservation Fund Bill,” September 3, 1964, American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-the-wilderness-bill-and-the-land-and-water-conservation-fund-bill.
“Remarks upon Signing the Wilderness Bill and the Land and Water Conservation Fund Bill.”
Snyder, The Gary Snyder Reader: Prose, Poetry, and Translations (Berkeley: Counterpoint, 1999), 175.
Zaslowsky and T. H. Watkins, These American Lands: Parks, Wilderness, and the Public Lands (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1994), 214.
The Enduring 63.
Anderson, “Protection of the Wilderness,” Living Wilderness 27, no. 78 (Autumn–Winter 1962): 14.
P. Anderson, Wilderness in a Changing World (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1966).
Freeman to Bill Worf (cofounder of Wilderness Watch), May 16, 1995.
Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), xii.
H. Humphrey, “Remarks of Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey,” University of Chicago, January 14, 1966, Hubert H. Humphrey Collection, Minnesota Historical Society, http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00442/pdfa/00442-01779.pdf, 6.
Allen Frake, “The Skeptical Environmentalist: Senator Barry Goldwater and the Environmental Management State,” Environmental History 15, no.4 (October 2010): 594.
Miller (photographs) and Harvey Manning (text), The North Cascades (Seattle: Mountaineers, 1964).
Brooks, “Wilderness in Western Culture,” in Voices for the ed. William Schwartz (New York: Ballantine, 1969), 44.
B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Signing of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965,” October 22, 1965, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-signing-the-highway-beautification-act-1965.
Voices for the 26. See also “From the Sierra Club Wilderness Conferences.”
E. Watson et al., “Wilderness Managers, Wilderness Scientists and Universities: A Partnership to Protect Wilderness Experiences in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness,” International Journal of Wilderness 19, no. 1 (April 2013): 41–42.
F. Olson, The Singing Wilderness (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 6.
W. Weiblen, “It’s Written in the Rocks: The BWCA History,” The Conservation Volunteer, January–February 1971, 21–29, https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/93796/bwca.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Olson, Reflections from the North Country (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976).
in David Backes, A Wilderness Within: The Life of Sigurd F. Olson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 312–13.
“Protect Minnesota’s Boundary Waters Wilderness” (Washington, DC: Earthworks, 2016).
M. A Wilderness Original: The Life of Bob Marshall (Seattle: Mountaineers, 1986), 224.
B. Simpson, Jr., Bird Life of North Shining Rock Wilderness (Raleigh: North Carolina Biological Survey and North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 1994).
Jones and Klaus Knab, American Wilderness: A Weekend Guide: Where to Go in the Wilderness, on the Wild and Scenic Rivers and Along the Scenic Trails (San Jose: Goushā Publications, 1973), 117.
Hyde Artist’s Statement,” in Philip Hyde, Range of Light, Slickrock, Drylands and Other Books, Articles, Posters, Interviews and ed. David Leland Hyde (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 2010), https://vault.sierraclub.org/history/philip-hyde/default.aspx.
O. Douglas, My Wilderness: The Pacific West (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960), 165.
McCloskey, In the Thick of It: My Life in the Sierra Club (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005), 30.
Cronon, ed., Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996).
who joined Yale University’s history faculty in 1981, became the leading light in the robust field of wilderness history. A series of books he edited for the University of Washington Press produced three award-winning works related to the wilderness movement: Wilderness Forever: Howard Zahniser and the Path to the Wilderness Act by Mark Harvey; Drawing Lines in the Forest: Creating Wilderness Areas in the Pacific Northwest by Kevin R. Marsh; and The Promise of Wilderness: American Environmental Politics Since 1964 by James Morton Turner.
Quammen, foreword, in Stephen Gorman, The American Wilderness: Journeys into Distant and Historic Landscapes (Bloomington, IN: Universe, 1999), 9.
and Water Conservation Fund, September 3, 1964 (Public Law 578).
“Remarks upon Signing the Wilderness Bill and the Land and Water Conservation Fund Bill.”
in Susan R. Schrepfer, The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of the Environmental Reform, 1917–1978 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 124.
120.
O. Douglas, speech before the Governor’s Conference for California Beauty, January 11, 1966, Berkeley, University of California, Sierra Club Collection, Mike McCloskey Papers.
Ferguson, “Guardians of the Giants,” in The Once and Future Forest: Iconic Redwoods (Berkeley, CA: Heyday, 2018), 88–89.
Reuther to President Lyndon Johnson, February 11, 1966, LE/PA3 11/22/63–3/9/66.
interview with Sharon Francis, May 3, 2021.
“Guardians and Giants,” 89.
L. Gillette, Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 360.
O. Douglas, foreword, in Harvey Manning, The Wild Cascades: Forgotten Parkland (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1965), 18.
Wilderness Alps,” June 1965, 14.
Abbey, Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), 131.
O. Douglas, A Wilderness Bill of Rights (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), 109.
166.
35.
in William O. Douglas, The Three Hundred Year War: A Chronicle of Ecological Disaster (New York: Random House, 1972), 152.
Zick, Speech Out of Doors: Preserving First Amendment Liberties in Public Places (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 282.
A Wilderness Bill of 128–29.
in ibid., 167.
Margaret McKeown, Citizen Justice: The Environmental Legacy of William O. Douglas—Public Advocate and Conservation Champion (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2022), 111.
O. Douglas to Marian G. Laurie, March 11, 1965, Box 550, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
O. Douglas to Meyer Lefkowitz, December 15, 1961, Box 548, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Chapter 22: Ending the Bulldozing of America
L. Udall, “Canyonlands National Park,” Western Autumn 1964.
interview with Stewart Udall, June 1,
National Park in Utah,” New York September 20, 1964, XX1.
Brinkley, Rightful Heritage: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Land of America (New York: Harper, 2016), 196.
M. Pierson, “The First Canyonlands New Park Studies: 1959 and 1960,” Canyon Legacy 1, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 9–14.
B. Johnson Signs Public Law 88-590 Establishing Canyonlands National Park,” 88th Congress, S. 27, LBJL, September 12, 1964.
interview with Stewart Udall, July 12, 2007.
Conservation Congress,” New York September 20, 1964, E10, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/09/20/105019488.html?pageNumber=199.
Babb, “LBJ’s 1964 Attack Ad ‘Daisy’ Leaves a Legacy for Modern Campaigns,” Washington September 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/lbjs-1964-attack-ad-daisy-leaves-a-legacy-for-modern-campaigns/2014/09/05/d00e66b0-33b4-11e4-9e92-0899b306bbea_story.html.
in Frank Graham, Jr., Since Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), 207.
Sweig, Lady Bird Johnson: Hiding in Plain Sight (New York: Random House, 2021), 110–22.
Bird Johnson and Carlton B. Lees, Wildflowers Across America (New York: Abbeville, 1988), 11.
Udall to Lady Bird Johnson, December 10, 1964, Folder 1, Box 145, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
the Beautiful?,” New York February 9, 1965, 36, https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/09/archives/america-the-beautiful.html.
McGrory, “Beauty Blooms in Politics,” Washington Evening February 10, 1965.
Beschloss, Reaching for Glory: Lyndon Secret White House Tapes, 1964–1965 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 201.
Moyers to President Lyndon B. Johnson, Febuary 23, 1965, Moyers Papers, LBJL.
Ashby and Rod Gramer, Fighting the Odds: The Life of Senator Frank Church (Seattle: Washington State University Press, 1994), 344.
Dan Tarlock and Roger Tippy, “The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968,” Cornell Law Review 55 (1970): 707, 710.
Palmer, Endangered Rivers and the Conservation Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 145–46.
B. Johnson, “The President’s Inaugural Address,” January 20, 1965, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-inaugural-address.
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress on Conservation and Restoration of Natural Beauty,” February 8, 1965, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-conservation-and-restoration-natural-beauty.
President’s Great Message,” Washington February 9, 1965.
“Special Message to the Congress on Conservation and Restoration of Natural Beauty.”
of Outdoor Recreation, Trails for America: Report on the Nationwide Trails Study (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, December 1966), https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/trails/trails.pdf.
F. Randall, “White House Conference on Natural Beauty,” Journal of Forestry (August 1965), 609–61.
B. Johnson, foreword, in Ansel Adams and Nancy Newhall, A More Beautiful America (New York: American Conservation Association, 1965).
Arnold, “Kennedy Puts Flag atop Mt. Kennedy,” New York March 25, 1965, 1.
Arnold, “Kennedy Puts Flag atop Mt. Kennedy,” New York March 25, 1965, 1.
Down from Peak; Family Flag on Crest,” Tacoma News March 25, 1965, 10.
K. Schulte, “Citizen Experts: The League of Women Voters and Environmental Conservation,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 30, no. 3 (2009): 1–29.
of Women Voters Education Fund, The Big Water Fight: Trials and Tribulations in Citizen Action on Problems of Supply, Pollution, Floods, and Planning Across the U.S.A. (Brattleboro, VT: Stephen Greene Press, 1966).
Pollution Films Offered Local Audience,” Shreveport November 27, 1966, 16.
B. Frantz, oral history interview with Stewart Udall, 1969, tape 1, LBJL, 32–36.
V. Melosi, “Lyndon Johnson and Environmental Policy,” in The Johnson vol. 2, Vietnam, the Environment, and ed. Robert A. Devine (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1987), 132.
interview with Lynda Bird Johnson Robb, October 23, 2021.
Bird Johnson and Carlton B. Lees, Wildflowers Across America (New York: Abbeville, 1988), 15.
Thomas, UPI, “Lady Bird Works for Beautification,” Charlotte February 3, 1965, 11.
in Robert H. Boyle, “America Down the Drain,” Sports November 16, 1964, 88.
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: A Legacy of Beauty,” Landscape Notes, November 6, 2013, https://landscapenotes.com/2013/11/06/the-lady-bird-johnson-wildflower-center-a-legacy-of-beauty/.
F. Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 1974), 372–73.
interview with Ethel Kennedy, August 4, 2014.
Califano to Lyndon B. Johnson, August 31, 1965, LE/PA31, 11/22/63–3/9/66, LBJL.
Files of Joseph Califano, “Beautification and Conservation Measures Enacted by the and Congress,” Box 28 (1736), LBJL.
B. Johnson, “Preserving the Hudson Riverway” (Public Law 89-605).
B. Johnson, “Water Quality Act of 1965,” October 2, 1965, LBJL.
B. Johnson, “Statement by the President in Response to Science Advisory Committee Report on Pollution of Air, Soil, and Waters,” November 6, 1965, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-response-science-advisory-committee-report-pollution-air-soil-and.
Cloud, “The 200th Anniversary of the Survey of the Coast,” Prologue Magazine 39, no. 1 (Spring 2007), https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/spring/coast-survey.html.
interview with Ralph Nader, February 4, 2021.
Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985),
interview with Ralph Nader, February 4, 2021.
Sabin, Public Citizens: The Attack on Big Government and the Remaking of American Liberalism (New York: W. W. Norton), xi.
B. Johnson, special message to Congress, “Restoring the Quality of Our Environment,” PSAC, 1965.
B. Johnson, “Statement by the President in Response to Science Advisory Committee Report on Pollution of Air, Soil, and Waters,” November 6, 1965, American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-response-science-advisory-committee-report-pollution-air-soil-and.
Udall, notes, June 9, 1966, Folder 2, Box 129, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Tucson, Tucson, AZ.
Udall to Lyndon Johnson, October 10, 1966, FG 145, Box 204, LBJ Papers.
Jarboe Russell, Lady Bird: A Biography of Mrs. Johnson (New York: Scribner, 1999), 280.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress Transmitting Reorganization Plan 2 of 1966: Water Pollution Control,” February 28, 1966, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United 1966, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1967), 229–30.
Eulogize Doctor,” Times (Shreveport, LA), September 6, 1965, 2.
Brabazon, Albert A Biography (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000), 496.
Club Bulletin (December 1965), 81–88.
Bird’s Lost Legacy,” New York July 20, 2007.
K. Updegrove, Indomitable Will: LBJ in the Presidency (New York: Crown, 2012), 165–66.
B. Johnson, “Remarks on the Signing of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965,” October 22, 1965, accessed May 26, 2022,
B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Signing of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965,” October 22, 1965, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-signing-the-highway-beautification-act-1965.
Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 229.
“Remarks at the Signing of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965.”
Chapter 23: Natural Heritage
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress Proposing Measures to Preserve America’s Natural Heritage,” February 23, 1966, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-proposing-measures-preserve-americas-natural-heritage.
Pollution Act (Public Law 89-7-53), November 3, 1966.
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress Proposing Measures to Preserve America’s Natural Heritage.”
interview with William Ruckelshaus, August 4, 2011.
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress Proposing Measures to Preserve America’s Natural Heritage.”
M. Blair, “New National Park Urged for Seashore of North Carolina,” New York May 6, 1964, 49, https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/06/archives/new-national-park-urged-for-seashore-of-north-carolina.html.
Lookout Bill Signed by Johnson,” New York March 11, 1966, 15.
B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Signing of the Cape Lookout National Seashore Bill,” March 10, 1966, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-signing-the-cape-lookout-national-seashore-bill.
Carson National Wildlife Refuge, https://www.fws.gov/refuge/rachel-carson.
Waterway in Maine Becomes National ‘Wild River,’” New York July 20, 1970.
Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), 372–79.
in Thomas G. Smith, Stewart L. Udall: Steward of the Land (Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2017), 215.
A White House April 2, 1966, 376.
377.
Welsh, Big Bend National Park: Mexico, the United States, and Ecosystems (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2021), 109–11.
A White House April 3, 1966, 381.
April 2, 1966, 379.
379–80.
B. Hartzog, Jr., Battling for the National Parks (Mount Kisco, NY: Moyer Bell, 1988), 178–79.
Welsh, Big Bend National Park: Mexico, the United States, and the Borderland Ecosystem (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2021), 108–12.
Frantz, Oral History Interview, February 25, 1969, LBJ Library, 36–43.
A White House April 3, 1966, 383.
380–81.
Frantz, Oral History Interview, 29–30; Johnson, A White House April 3, 1966, 381–83; Smith, Stewart L. 219.
B. Johnson, “Remarks upon Signing Order Establishing the President’s Council and the Citizens’ Advisory Committee on Recreation and Natural Beauty,” May 4, 1966, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-order-establishing-the-presidents-council-and-the-citizens-advisory.
Citizen; Norman Cousins,” New York May 10, 1966, 38, https://www.nytimes.com/1966/05/10/archives/watchful-citizen-norman-cousins.html.
States Congress, House Committee on Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Migratory Labor, 89th Congress, 1st and 2nd sessions, Amending Migratory Labor Laws (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1966), 217–18.
Pulida and Devon Peña, “Environmentalism and Positionality: The Early Pesticide Campaign of the United Farm Workers’ Organizing Committee, 1965–71,” Race, Gender & Class 6, no. 1 (1998): 33–50.
interview with Marc Grossman and Paul Chavez, January 21, 2022.
Shaw, Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the NFWA, and the Struggle for Justice in the 21st Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 80.
J. Sullivan, Blue Collar—Roman Collar—White Collar: U.S. Catholic Involvement in Labor Management Controversies, 1960–1980 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987), 66.
Realignment & Economic Recession: 1970s: United Farm Workers,” Picture This: California Perspectives on American History (Oakland Museum of History), accessed May 26, 2022, http://picturethis.museumca.org/pictures/united-farm-workers-poster-viva-la-huelga; see also Viva Chavez, viva la causa, viva la huelga / this poster was produced by Darien House; painting by Paul Davis; designed by [Richard] Hess and/or Antupit, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/90716478/.
interview with Ethel Kennedy, August 4, 2014.
Sontag, Styles of Radical Will (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1966), 203.
Sweig, Lady Bird Johnson: Hiding in Plain Sight (New York: Random House, 2021), 235.
in Michael P. Cohen, The History of the Sierra Club (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1988), 358–59.
Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015), 118–29. Also see https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/rohoia/ucb/text/environmentalact00browrich.pdf.
for Grand Canyon,” New York January 17, 1966, 37.
in Hugh Nash, “Dams in Grand Canyon—A Necessary Evil?” Sierra Club Bulletin (December 1965), 49.
Wingo, “Knight Errant to Nature’s Rescue,” May 27, 1966, 15.
in Mark Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Viking, 1986).
series of Grand Canyon Dam ads is found on the Sierra Club website at http://content.sierraclub.org/brower/grand-canyon-ads.
McKibben, ed., American Earth: Environmental Writing Since Thoreau (New York: Library of America, 2008).
Udall, Too Funny to Be President (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), 20.
E. Pearson, Still the Wild River Runs: Congress, the Sierra Club, and the Fight to Save Grand Canyon (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002), xvii.
Brower to Lyndon B. Johnson, September 15, 1966, General Legislation: Le/NR/71, Box 145, LBJL.
Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 276.
Chapter 24. Defenders
interview with Kerry Kennedy, January 11, 2022.
interview with Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., February 3, 2021.
interview with Harry Benson, February 12, 2022.
interview with Kerry Kennedy, August 6, 2021.
Water Gap National Recreation Area (Public Law, 89-66-7).
B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Signing Ceremony for Seven Conservation Bills,” October 15, 1966, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-signing-ceremony-for-seven-conservation-bills.
Layng, “Potential National Park for Texas,” New York March 28, 1965, XX25.
Law 89-668, 89th Congress, H.R. 8678, An Act to Establish in the State of Michigan the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, October 15, 1966.
Rocks National Lakeshore,” Michigan in the World, michiganintheworld.history.lsa.umich.edu/environmentalism/exhibits/show/main_exhibit/origins/wilderness-act/pictured-rocks.
“Remarks at the Signing Ceremony for Seven Conservation Bills.”
Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665).
Lyndon B. Johnson, foreword, in With Heritage So Rich: A Report of a Special Committee on Historic Preservation under the Auspices of the United States Conference of Mayors with a Grant from the Ford Foundation (New York: Random House, 1966), vii.
E. Stipe, A Richer Heritage: Historic Preservation in the Twenty-first Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 480.
B. Johnson, “Remarks at the Signing Ceremony for Seven Conservation Bills.”
Roman, Listed Dispatches from Endangered Species Act (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 22–23.
Department of the Interior, Office of the Secretary, Native Fish and Wildlife Endangered Fed. Res. Doc 67-2758, February 27, 1967. See also US Department of the Interior, “40 Years of the Endangered Species Act: Remarkable Origin, Resilience, and Opportunity,” January 14, 2003, https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/ppa/upload/40-Years-of-the-Endangered-Species-Act.pdf.
Jefferson Coolidge, a Leader in International Conservation and...,” February 16, 1985, United Press International, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/02/16/Harold-Jefferson-Coolidge-a-leader-in-international-conservation-and/9807477378000/.
Department of the Interior, Native Fish and Wildlife Endangered
Graham, Jr., Since Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970), 206–10.
in January 1966, 1.
208.
Hazell Harris testimony, Defenders of Wildlife Archive, Washington, DC.
of Wildlife Archive, Washington, DC, https://www.google.com/books/edition/Predatory_Mammal/EMZFAQAAMAAJ?gbpv=1&bsq=%22Defenders%20of%20Wildlife%20objects%20to%20the%20use%20of%20poisons%20in%20controlling%20predatory%20mammals%22.
and Pimlott quoted in Defenders of Wildlife File Research Results (June 5, 2021), Washington, DC. Jamie Rappaport Clark graciously assisted in sorting through Defenders articles.
M. Cahalan, Edward Abbey: A Life (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001), 144.
Abbey, The Journey Home: Some Work in Defense of the American West (New York: Plume, 1991), 223–38.
F. Carr, “In Praise of Snakes,” Audubon 73, no. 4 (1971): 18–27.
Carr, A Naturalist in Florida: A Celebration of Eden (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), xv.
Hoagland, Red Wolves and Black Bears: Nineteen Essays (New York: Random House, 1976), 9.
in Jeanne L. Clark, Wildlife Refuges: Lands of Promise (Portland, OR: Carpe Diem, 2003), 134.
Conservation Success Story: Aleutian Canada Goose Wings Its Way Back from Brink of Extinction,” US Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, July 30, 1999, https://www.fws.gov/pacific/news/1999/9948.htm.
in Clark, Wildlife 83.
Eschner, “The Hopeful Mid-Century Conservation Story of the (Still Endangered) Whooping Crane,” Smithsonian April 24, 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonianmag/unbelievable-mid-century-conservation-story-still-endangered-whooping-crane-180962943/.
in Eschner, “The Hopeful Mid-Century Conservation Story of the (Still Endangered) Whooping Crane.”
O. Douglas, The Three Hundred Year War: A Chronicle of Ecological Disaster (New York: Random House, 1972), 128–29.
Raymond Einberger, With Distance in His Eyes: The Environmental Life and Legacy of Stewart Udall (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2018), 48–49.
Department of the Interior, “Udall Calls for Cooperative Effort to Save Wildlife,” July 21, 1968, www.fws.gov/news/Historic/NewsReleases/1968/19680721a.pdf.
Mazzei, “Trying Everything, Even Lettuce, to Save Florida’s Beloved Manatees,” New York April 9, 2022.
E. Biggins and Max Schroeder, “Historical and Present Status of the Black-Footed Ferret,” Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop April 1987, 50.
Ferret,” South Dakota Ecological Field Office, September 9, 2013.
in Tim Palmer, Endangered Rivers and the Conservation Movement (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 166.
Gibbons, Stalking the Wild Asparagus (Philadelphia: D. McKay, 1962). See also “Euell Gibbons Dies at 64,” New York December 30, 1975, 28, https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/30/archives/euell-gibbons-dies-at-64-wrote-books-about-natural-foods.html.
interview with Paul Chavez (Cesar Chavez’s son), April 14, 2018.
Stone, The Food Explorer: The True Adventures of the Globe-Trotting Botanist Who Transformed What America Eats (New York: Penguin, 2018), xiii–xiv.
H. Purcell, “Lake Michigan Dunes: Wonders from the Ice Age,” Los Angeles June 7, 1987, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-07-tr-844-story.html.
Barker, “Saving the Dunes: Then and Now,” Singing Sands 37, no. 1 (2016): 1, http://npshistory.com/publications/indu/newspaper/2016.pdf.
Bird Johnson, A White House April 10, 1964, 107.
Mackintosh, “Living History,” in Interpretation in the National Park Service: A Historical Perspective (Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1986), 60–61.
Chapter 25: “Sue the Bastards!” and Environmental Justice
Nash, “The Fruits of Ill-Health: Pesticides and Workers’ Bodies in Post–World War II California,” Osiris 19, no. 1 (2004): 203–19.
in Drew Dellinger, “Martin Luther King Jr: Ecological Thinker,” https://drewdellinger.org/martin-luther-king-jr-ecological-thinker/.
Dellinger, “Dr. King’s Interconnected World,” New York December 22, 2017.
in Dellinger, “Martin Luther King Jr: Ecological Thinker.”
Keith Caldwell, The National Environmental Policy Act: An Agenda for the Future (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 28.
J. Lazarus, The Making of Environmental Law (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 53.
Wexler, “75 Years of Conservation,” nwf.org/en/naturalwildlife/2011/nwf-75yearstimeline.
Deans, “The Environmental Movement’s Debt to Martin Luther King, Jr.,” Livescience, August 27, 2013, https://www.livescience.com/39210-the-environmental-movement-debt-to-martin-luther-king-jr.html.
A. Washington, A Terrible Thing to Waste: Environmental Racism and Its Assault on the American Mind (New York: Little, Brown, 2019), 142–44.
of Houston v. George, Supreme Court of March 22, 1972, https://law.justia.com/cases/texas/supreme-court/1972/b-2726-0.html.phen.
D. Bullard, “The Mountains of Houston: Environmental Justice and the Politics of Garbage,” Cite 93 (Winter 2014): 28–33.
L. Klineberg, Prophetic City: Houston on the Cusp of a Changing America (New York: Avid Reader Press, 2020).
Initiating the Down River Anti-Pollution League,” David Stradling, ed., The Environmental Moment, 1968–1972 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2012), 52–53.
Canter and Ray Clark, eds., Environmental Policy and NEPA: Past, Present, and Future (Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1997), 28–31.
Dougherty, “Van Ness, William J. ‘Bill’ Jr. (1938–2017),” History Link, July 20, 2011, https://historylink.org/File/9882. Also see https://www.badc.org/.
Van Ness: Creation of the National Environmental Policy Act (video), Van Ness Feldman LLP, February 2, 2017, https://www.vnf.com/bill-van-ness-creation-of-the-national-environmental.
Keith Caldwell, The National Environmental Policy Act: An Agenda for the Future (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), xvi.
K. Caldwell, “Perspective: An Interview with Lynton Caldwell on the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA),” Environmental Practice 5, no. 4 (December 2003): 281–86.
v. 387 U.S. 428 (1968), https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/387/428.html.
Sabin, Public Citizens: The Attack on Big Government and the Remaking of American Liberalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 2021), 98.
Douglas Leads Wilderness Protest Hike,” Spokesman-Review (Spokane, WA), August 6, 1967, 3.
W. Eipper, C. A. Carlson, and L. S. Hamilton, “Impacts of Nuclear Power Plants on the Environment,” Living Wilderness (Autumn 1970), 6.
Smolkin and Brenna Williams, “How LBJ Scared Visitors at His Ranch,” CNN, https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2015/10/politics/lbj-ranch-history/.
M. O’Fallon, Justice: Writings of William O. Douglas (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2000), 265.
interview with Cathy Douglas Stone, January 9, 2020.
Flynn, “Robert Kennedy’s Hudson River Kayak at Local Museum,” Sun Community August 19–8, 2011.
A. Schaller, “The 1967 Kennedy River Trip—Looking Back,” Celebrating 100 Years of Grand Canyon National Park: A Gathering of Grand Canyon Historians: Ideas, Arguments, and First Person ed. Richard D. Quartaroli (Grand Canyon, Arizona: Grand Canyon Conservancy, 2020).
and Canyons: Senator Robert Kennedy’s 1967 Family Vacation,” National Archives at Denver, Boxes 10 and 302, Photographs of Project Sites, 1966–1983, Public Relations Photographs 1981–1983, National Archives identifier 562813, Engineering and Research Center, Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, Record Group 115, Records of the Bureau of Reclamation.
interview with Stewart Udall, March 6, 2006.
interview with Kerry Kennedy, August 6, 2021.
F. Wurster, DDT Wars: Rescuing our National Bird, Preventing Cancer, and Creating the Environmental Defense Fund (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 17.
2-Way,” Living on radio broadcast transcript, World Media Foundation, August 20, 1993, https://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=93-P13-00034&segmentID=3.
John Yannacone, Jr., to author, February 25, 2021.
DDT 18.
21–22.
Yannacone, Jr., “Origins of the Environmental Defense Fund,” https://yannalaw.com/about/about-victor-yannacone-biography-short-history-environmental-movement/environmental-defense-fund-edf/.
John Yannacone, “Science, Ethics, and Scientific Ethics in the Modern World,” Environmental Geosciences 6 (1999): 164–65.
“Origins of the Environmental Defense Fund.”
in Gilbert Rogin, “All He Wants to Save Is the World,” Sports February 3, 1969.
DDT 206.
29–30.
Graham, Jr., Since Silent 258.
in Stephen Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (New York: Little, Brown, 1981), 304. See also Frank Graham, Jr., “Taking Polluters to Court,” New Republic 158, January 13, 1968, 9.
in Rogin, “All He Wants to Save Is the World.”
in Patrick Anderson, “Ralph Nader, Crusader; or, the Rise of a Self-Appointed Lobbyist,” New York Times October 29, 1967, SM25.
Dyer, “Pesticides and the United Farm Workers: An Extension of the Struggle for Social Justice,” senior thesis, History 400, University of Puget Sound, Fall 2004.
Dellinger, “Dr. King’s Interconnected World,” New York December 22, 2017.
V. Roberts, “Charge of Peril in Pesticides Adds Fuel to Coast Grape Strike,” New York March 16, 1969, 46.
A. Washington, A Terrible Thing to Waste: Environmental Racism and Its Assault on the American Mind (New York: HarperCollins, 2019), 9.
Gottlieb, “The U.S. Air Force Was the Principal Dumper of the Site,” Forcing the 163.
Marshall, “The Nuclear Sword of Damocles,” Living Spring 1971, 17–19.
interview with Stewart Udall, March 6, 2006.
interview with Ethel Kennedy, August 4, 2014.
interview with Cathy Douglas, February 3, 2022.
O. Douglas to Robert Strange McNamara, July 3, 1967, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
O. Douglas to Robert Strange McNamara, July 28, 1967, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
O. Douglas to Lyndon B. Johnson, August 12, 1967, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
B. Johnson to William O. Douglas, August 28, 1967, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
O. Douglas to Henry M. Jackson, February 1, 1968, William O. Douglas Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015), 175–78.
Chawla, oral history interview with Oscar H. Geralds, Jr., Louis B. Nunn Center for Oral History, University of Kentucky Libraries, July 27, 1989, http://kentuckyoralhistory.org/ark:/16417/xt7wpz51k30t.
Resolution Honoring the 50th Anniversary of the Protest Hike,” Kentucky Senate Resolution 157, March 13, 2018, Kentucky Legislature, https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/recorddocuments/bill/18RS/sr157/orig_bill.pdf.
W. Derickson, “Justice Douglas Leads Five-Mile Hike Through Gorge of Red River,” Lexington November 19, 1967, 1.
A. Franklin, “Conservationists Rallying Against a Dam in Kentucky,” New York November 20, 1967, 49.
The Unforeseen 105.
interview with Cathy Stoneman Douglas, February 3, 2022.
“Conservationists Rallying Against a Dam in Kentucky.”
B. Harris, “The Drama of Oakley Dam: To Build or Not to Build, That Was the Question,” Illinois Issues 7 (September 1976), https://www.lib.niu.edu/1976/ii760903.html.
T. Gilliss, “Martin Luther King’s Last Christmas Sermon,” The On Being Project, December 25, 2015, https://onbeing.org/blog/martin-luther-kings-last-christmas-sermon/.
Chapter 26: The Unraveling of America, 1968
G. Smith, Stewart L. Udall: Steward of the Land (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2017), 273–74.
Boyd Finch, Legacies of Camelot: Stewart and Lee Udall, American Culture, and the Arts (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008), 111–13. See also Stewart Udall journal, February 5, 1968, Folder 2, Box 140, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Tucson, Tucson, AZ.
Legacies of 112.
Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 359.
in Brigham Daniels, Andrew P. Follett, and Joshua Davis, “The Making of the Clean Air Act,” UC Hastings Law Journal 71, no. 4 (May 10, 2020).
interview with Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., March 6, 2017.
in Steven C. Schutte, Wayne Aspinall and the Shaping of the American West (Boulder: University Press of Colorado: 2002), 227.
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress: Protecting Our Natural Heritage,” January 30, 1967, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-protecting-our-natural-heritage.
Shows Peculiar Attitude Toward Trees,” Sacramento March 15, 1966, 50.
Aides Will Visit Washington to Push for Redwoods Compromise,” Modesto April 10, 1967, 14.
Farmer, Trees in Paradise: A California History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 82.
Schrepfer, “Conflict in Preservation: The Sierra Club, Save-the-Redwoods League, Redwood National Park,” Journal of Forest History 24, no. 2 (1988).
B. Frantz, oral history interview with Wayne Aspinall, June 14, 1974, LBJ Presidential Library, 11.
Albright to Stewart Udall, January 27, 1968, Folder 2, Box 190, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Tucson, Tucson, AZ.
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress on the Problems of the American Indian: ‘The Forgotten American,’” March 6, 1968, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-the-problems-the-american-indian-the-forgotten-american.
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress on Conservation: ‘To Renew a Nation,’” March 8, 1968, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-conservation-renew-nation.
Sandbrook, Eugene McCarthy: The Rise and Fall of Postwar American Liberalism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004).
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009.
Udall to President and Mrs. Johnson, April 1, 1968, Box 2016, Alphabetical File, Stewart Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2009. Also see Drew Dellinger, “Martin Luther King Jr: Ecological Thinker,” Common Ground April 2014, 49–50.
interview with John Lewis, March 7, 2010.
interview with Andrew Young, January 2, 2022.
Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015), 192.
Theoharis, “Coretta Scott King and the Civil-Rights Movement’s Hidden Women,” February 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/02/coretta-scott-king/552557. Originally published in the special MLK issue print edition with the headline “Women Have Been the Backbone of the Whole Civil Rights Movement.”
Bird Johnson and Carlton B. Leer, Wildflowers Across America (New York: Abbeville Press, 1988), 263.
Yarborough, foreword, in Lois Williams Parker, Big Thicket of Texas: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography (Arlington, TX: Sable Publishing, 1977), 4.
L.Gillette, Lady Bird Johnson: An Oral History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 306.
B. Johnson, “Statement by the President upon Signing Bill Establishing the National Park Foundation,” December 19, 1967, American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-the-president-upon-signing-bill-establishing-the-national-park-foundation.
interview with Mary Elizabeth “Liz” Carpenter, March 1, 2007.
of Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson at the Dedication of Padre Island National Seashore,” April 8, 1968, https://discoverlbj.org/item/ref-ctjspeeches-19680408-1100.
Bird Johnson, A White House Diary (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970), 658–60.
Sherman, “NFWA Mourns the Passing of Dr. Marion Moses Who Turned a Weekend in Delano into a Lifetime of Service Helping Cesar Chavez, Farm Workers Combat the Perils of Pesticides,” United Farm Workers, August 29, 2020, https://NFWA.org/drmoses.
Moses, Harvest of Sorrow: Farm Workers and Pesticides (San Francisco: Pesticide Education Center, 1992); Marion Moses, Designer Poisons: How to Protect Your Health and Home from Toxic Pesticides (San Francisco: Pesticide Education Center, 1995).
Chavez Breaks Hunger Strike with Robert F. Kennedy,” UPI, https://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/f67b32c9c1f71f91546f75cf9c7b59ff/Cesar-Chavez-breaks-hunger-strike-with-Robert-F-Kennedy/.
interview with Paul Chavez, April 3, 2022.
Shaw, Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the NFWA, and the Struggle for Justice in the 21st Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 134–40.
Tye, Bobby Kennedy: The Making of a Liberal Icon (New York: Random House, 2017).
Hamill, “June 5, 1968: The Last Hours of RFK,” New May 16, 2008, https://nymag.com/news/politics/47041/.
interview with Stewart Udall, July 12, 2007.
Cronin and Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., The Riverkeepers: Two Activists Fight to Reclaim Our Environment as a Basic Human Right (New York: Scribner, 1997), 88–89.
interview with Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., May 6, 2021.
Nixon Cox, email to author, October 27, 2020.
Nader, “They’re Still Breathing,” New February 3, 1968, 15.
S. Becker, The Creeks Will Rise: People Coexisting with Floods (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2021), 152.
Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 280–81.
Nixon Cox, email to author, October 27, 2020.
Remembered for Watergate, Dies at Age 73—Public Perception of Washington Native Forever Linked to Break-In,” Seattle February 16, 1999.
interview with John Ehrlichman, May 29, 2022.
Nixon: Environmental Hero,” Living on August 9, 1996.
E. Davis, The Bald Eagle: The Improbable Journey of Bird (New York: W. W. Norton, 2022), 306.
McPhee, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 1971), July 3, 2006.
interview with Russell Train, July 3, 2006.
Johnston et al., Central Park Country: A Tune Within Us (New York: Sierra Club, 1968).
Moore Preaches Gently Against War,” New York June 20, 1968, 47, https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/20/archives/marianne-moore-preaches-gently-against-war.html.
in Susan R. Schrepfer, The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of the Environmental Reform, 1917–1978 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 165.
Mailer, St. George and the Godfather (New York: New American Library, 1972), 3.
J. Langguth, Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 515–16.
Democratic Party Platform,” The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/1968-democratic-party-platform.
Humphrey to F. Herbert Bormann, August 9, 1968.
Way Teale, “Making the Wild Scene,” New York January 28, 1968, BR7, https://www.nytimes.com/1968/01/28/archives/making-the-wild-scene-desert-solitaire-a-season-in-the-wilderness.html.
Abbey, Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988), 1.
9.
50.
Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Sierra Club–Ballantine, 1968), 34.
Webster, “The Population Bomb,” New York February 8, 1969.
C. Mann, “The Book That Incited a Worldwide Fear of Overpopulation,” Smithsonian January–February 2018.
R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, “The Population Bomb Revisited,” The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development 1, no. 3 (2009): 63–71.
in LeRoy Ashby and Rod Gramer, Fighting the Odds: The Life of Frank Church (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1994), 346–47.
Scott Momaday, House of Dawn (New York: Harper and Row, 1968).
Native leaders all were introduced to the public during the Long Sixties via articles and books. See especially Chief Seattle, “The Land is Sacred,” Counseling and Values 18 (Summer 1974): 275–77; Hyemeyohsts Storm, Seven Arrows (New York: Random House, 1972).
The Sierra Club Handbook for Environmental Activists (New York: Touchstone, 1970).
Brand, Whole Earth Discipline: An Ecopragmatist Manifesto (New York: Viking, 2009).
Chapter 27: Lyndon Johnson
bills signed by President Johnson were as follows: Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (Public Law 90-542, 82 Stat. 906); National Trails System Act (Public Law 90-543, 82 Stat. 919); An Act to Establish the North Cascades National Park and Ross Lake and Lake Chelan National Recreation Areas, to Designate the Pasayten Wilderness and to Modify the Glacier Peak Wilderness, in the State of Washington, and for Other Purposes (Public Law 90-544, 82 Stat. 926); and An Act to Establish a Redwood National Park in the State of California (Public Law 90-545, 82 Stat. 931).
B. Johnson, “Remarks upon Signing Four Bills Relating to Conservation and Outdoor Recreation,” October 2, 1968, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-four-bills-relating-conservation-and-outdoor-recreation.
interview with George McGovern, March 4, 2000.
B. Johnson, “Special Message to the Congress Transmitting Report on the National Wilderness Preservation System,” February 8, 1965, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-transmitting-report-the-national-wilderness-preservation.
Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper and Row, 1976)
National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, 16 U.S.C., P.L. 90-541, Section 2(b)(1).
Palmer, Rivers of America (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2006).
M. Germans, “Negotiating for the Environment,” Federal History 9 (April 2017): 48–68.
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 90th Congress, 2nd session, HR, Rep. No. 1623, “Providing for a National Scenic Rivers System and Other Purposes,” July 3, 1968, 1–3; United States Senate Committee on National Water Resources, Water Recreation Needs in the United States, 1960–2000 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1960).
“Remarks upon Signing Four Bills Relating to Conservation and Outdoor Recreation.”
B. Johnson, “Remarks upon Signing Four Bills Relating to Conservation and Outdoor Recreation,” online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wooley, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.node/237295.
Palmer, Endangered Rivers and the Conservation Movement (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004), 147–48.
Zaslowsky and T. H. Watkins, These American Lands: Parks, Wilderness, and the Public Lands (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1994), 232.
Palmer, Wild and Scenic Rivers: An American Legacy (Corvallis: Oregon State University, 2017), 39, 230.
“Negotiating for the Environment.” Also, author interview with Steward Udall, September 6, 2009.
Palmer, The Wild and Scenic Rivers of America (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 26.
B. Johnson, “Remarks upon Signing Four Bills Relating to Conservation and Outdoor Recreation,” online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Wooley, The American Presidency Project https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.node/237295.
interview with Mary Elizabeth “Liz” Carpenter, March 1, 2007; see also Palmer, 286–69.
in Palmer, The Wild and Scenic Rivers of 26.
Rennicke, “Of Time and Rivers Flowing: Forty Years Downstream for the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System,” National Parks 82, no. 3 (Summer 2008): 46–50, http://npshistory.com/npca/magazine/summer-2008.pdf.
Rome, The Genius of Earth Day (New York: Macmillan, 2013), 34.
Palmer, Wild and Scenic 22.
Gets Enthusiastic Endorsem*nt of Lombardi,” Capital Times (Madison, WI), October 4, 1968, 1.
Endangered Rivers and the Conservation 163.
Seitz, “50th Anniversary: Read Senator Gaylord Nelson’s Fiery 1965 Speech Calling for St. Croix River Conservation,” St. Croix 360, https://www.stcroix360.com/2018/03/50th-anniversary-read-senator-gaylord-nelsons-fiery-1965-speech-calling-for-st-croix-river-conservation/.
Palmer, Wild and Scenic 19.
Nelson Bills Signed by Johnson,” Capital October 4, 1968.
Christofferson, The Man from Clear Lake: Earth Day Founder Senator Gaylord Nelson (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), 249.
Church, “The New Conservation,” speech at Idaho Parks and Recreation Convention, Coeur D’Alene, Idaho, Frank Church Papers, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, April 22, 1969.
G. Smith, Green Republican: John Saylor and the Preservation of Wilderness (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006).
Abbey, One Life at a Time, Please (New York: Henry Holt, 1988), 112.
in Tim Palmer, Wild and Scenic 206.
Nelson, “Statement in Support of a Bill to Facilitate the Management, Use, and Public Benefits from the Appalachian Trail,” Box 114, Gaylord Nelson Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison, Wisconsin.
for America: Report on the Nationwide Trail Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, Washington, DC, December 1966, https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/trails/trails.pdf.
Anderson, Benton MacKaye: Conservationist Planner and Creator of the Appalachian Trail (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 358.
P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 117.
P. Cliff, oral history, June 6, 1969, LBJL.
115.
117.
The Man from Clear 360.
Farmer, Trees in Paradise: A California History (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 83.
Ferguson, “Guardians of the Giants,” in The Once and Future Forest: Iconic Redwoods (Berkeley, CA: Heyday, 2018), 90–91.
C. Bearss, History Basic Data: Redwood National Park (Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, 1982), https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/redw/index.htm.
“Remarks upon Signing Four Bills Relating to Conservation and Outdoor Recreation.”
O. Douglas to David Brower, October 25, 1968, in William O. Douglas, The Douglas Letters: Selections from the Private Papers of Justice William O. ed. Melvin I. Urofsky (Bethesda, MD: Adler and Adler, 1987), 252.
in Michael McCloskey, “The Battle of the Redwoods,” American September 1969, 55.
R. Schrepfer, The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of the Environmental Reform, 1917–1978 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 186.
160.
Nixon, “Remarks at the Dedication of Lady Bird Johnson Grove in Redwood National Park in California,” August 27, 1969, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-dedication-lady-bird-johnson-grove-redwood-national-park-california.
Law No. 90-544, 82 Stat. 926, 1968.
interview with Gary Snyder, January 22, 2022.
B. Johnson, “Remarks upon Signing Four Bills Relating to Conservation and Outdoor Recreation.”
Louter, Windshield Wilderness: Cars, Roads, and Nature in National Parks (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006).
Law Creates Two Vast Parks,” Alabama Journal (Montgomery), November 28, 1968, 4.
B. Johnson, “Remarks upon Signing Bill to Establish the Biscayne National Monument,” October 18, 1968, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-establish-the-biscayne-national-monument. That bill is Public Law 90-606, 82 Stat. 1188.
the Future,” Pittsburgh October 3, 1968, 20.
Chapter 28: Taking Stock of New Conservation Wins
Raymond Einberger, With Distance in His Eyes: The Environmental Legacy of Stewart 217–18.
B. Johnson, “Remarks on Signing Bill to Establish the Biscayne National Monument,” October 18, 1968, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-establish-the-biscayne-national-monument.
L. Udall, Natural Treasures: National Nature Monuments and Seashores (Waukesha, WI: Country Beautiful Corporation, 1971), 23.
B. Johnson, “Remarks upon Signing Bill to Establish the Biscayne National Monument,” October 18, 1968, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-establish-the-biscayne-national-monument.
Udall, Natural 23.
“Remarks upon Signing Bill to Establish the Biscayne National Monument.”
With Distance in His 218–19.
G. Smith, Stewart L. Udall: Steward of the Land (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2017), 286–87.
P. Crevelli, “The Final Act of the Great Conservation President,” Prologue 12, no. 4 (Winter 1980): 176–77.
Udall, “Notes re the Monument Proclamations,” February 5, 1969, Folder 2, Box 182, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Stewart L. 288.
289.
Stewart L. 289.
Udall, notes, August 1 and 3, 1968, Folder 3, Box 140, Stewart L. Udall Papers, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
B. Johnson to Stewart L. Udall, December 19, 1968, Udall Personal Files, LBJL.
of Earthrise in 4K,” NASA, https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004500/a004593/earthrise_in_4k_transcript.html.
in Robert Poole, Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 195.
Stewart L. 290.
M. Blair, “Johnson Rebuffs Udall on Plan to Set Aside Vast Park Acreage,” New York January 21, 1969, 1.
Stewart L. Udall Oral History Interview IV, October 31, 1969, by Joe B. Frantz, Internet Copy LBJ Library, 12.
Shesol, Mutual Contempt: Lyndon Johnson, Robert Kennedy, and the Feud That Defined a Decade (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 171–74.
in Smith, Stewart L. 291.
in “President Kennedy’s Conservation Message—1962,” Sierra Club May 1962, 12.
interview with Stewart Udall, July 12, 2007.
With Distance in His 68–96.
interview with Stewart L. Udall.
W. Eipper, C. A. Carlson, and L. S. Hamilton, “Impacts of Nuclear Power Plants on the Environment,” Living Wilderness 34, no. 111 (Autumn 1970): 5–12.
interview with Stewart Udall, July 12, 2007. See also Barry Commoner, Science and Survival (New York: Viking Press: 1966).
Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 304.
Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 179.
Commoner, “Super Technology... Will It End the Good Life?,” Field & June 1970, 40, 59.
The Closing 98–99.
B. Frantz, “Stewart L. Udall Oral History Interview I,” April 18, 1969, LBJ Library, http://www.lbjlibrary.net/assets/documents/archives/oral_histories/udall/UDALL01.PDF, 19–20.
Brooks Flippen, Nixon and the Environment (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2000), 52.
E. Train, Politics, Pollution, and Pandas: An Environmental Memoir (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003), 53.
with a Conservative: Russell Train,” Mother October 21, 2004.
Udall, “The West’s Defender of Wild Places,” Los Angeles July 12, 2005.
L. Udall, 1976: Agenda for Tomorrow (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), 114.
Stewart L. 291.
Kearns, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1991).
Chapter 29: Santa Barbara, the Cuyahoga River, and the National Environmental Policy Act
Janos, “The Last Days of the President,” July 1, 1973.
Bird Johnson and Carlton B. Lees, Wildflowers Across America (New York: Abbeville Press, 1988), 12.
and Kay Scott, “Exploring the Parks: Tracing LBJ’s Footsteps,” National Parks Traveler, November 21, 2013, https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2013/11/exploring-parks-tracing-lbjs-footsteps24268.
Long, “L.B.J. Country Revisited,” New York December 14, 1975, p. XX7.
Thomas, Being Nixon: A Man Divided (New York: Random House, 2016), 253.
E. Train: Oral History Interview,” US Environmental Protection Agency, https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/russell-e-train-oral-history-interview.html.
Wheeling and Max Ufberg, “‘The Ocean Is Boiling’: The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill,” Pacific November 7, 2018, https://psmag.com/news/the-ocean-is-boiling-the-complete-oral-history-of-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill.
E. Train, Politics, Pollution, and Pandas: An Environmental Memoir (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003), 55.
Mai-Duc, “The 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill That Changed Oil and Gas Exploration Forever,” Los Angeles May 20, 2015.
and Ufberg, “‘The Ocean Is Boiling.’”
interview with Denis Hayes, January 17, 2022.
Rome, The Genius of Earth Day: How a 1970 Teach-in Made the First Green Generation (New York: Hill and Wang, 2013), 42.
C. Whitaker, Striking a Balance: Environment and National Resources Policy in the Nixon-Ford Years (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1976), 264.
and Ufberg, “‘The Ocean Is Boiling.’”
Walter J. ‘Wally,’ 1919–2010, Businessman, Governor of Alaska, and U.S. Secretary of the Interior,” Anchorage 1910–1940 Legends & Legacies, https://www.alaskahistory.org/biographies/hickel-walter-j-wally/.
Hevesi, “Walter Hickel, Nixon Interior Secretary, Dies at 90,” New York May 9, 2010.
Politics, Pollution, and 54.
Rules Held Better Designed to Prevent Oil Leaks,” Los Angeles Times, February 6, 1969, 3.
Trimborn, “Battle Shaping Up over Offshore Oil,” Los Angeles February 2, 1969.
Fighters Hopeful of Curbing Damage to Beaches,” New York February 3, 1969.
Hill, “One Year Later, Impact of Great Oil Slick Is Still Felt,” New York January 25, 1970.
Barbara Disaster,” New York February 4, 1969.
Dominick, The Nixon Environmental Agenda: An View of Republican Decision-Making, 1968–72 (Conneaut Lake, PA: Page Publishing, 2020), 41.
Striking a 268.
Naftali, “Walter Hickel Interview Transcription,” April 25, 2008, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/forresearchers/find/histories/hickel-2008-04-25.pdf.
Lucas, “Ecological Disaster Creates Impetus for a New Ethos,” Cal@170 by the California State Library, January 28, 1969, https://cal170.library.ca.gov/january-28-1969-an-ecological-disaster-and-an-impetus-for-a-new-ethos/.
interview with Russell Train, July 3, 2006.
Nixon, “Remarks Following Inspection of Oil Damage at Santa Barbara Beach,” online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ecsb.edu/node/239715.
Oil Out!, https://getoilout.org/.
Chapin to author, November 12, 2021. Also, author interview with Dwight Chapin, November 14, 2021.
Nash, “Santa Barbara Environmental Declaration,” read January 28, 1970, at the January 28 Conference to Mark the First Anniversary of the Santa Barbara Oil Spill, https://es.ucsb.edu/santa-barbara-environmental-declaration#:~:text=We%20have%20contaminated%20the%20air,brought%20others%20close%20to%20annihilation.
Nash, Wilderness in the American Mind (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967).
H. Boyle, “The Nukes Are in Hot Water,” Sports January 20, 1969, 24–28, https://vault.si.com/vault/1969/01/20/the-nukes-are-in-hot-water.
Commoner, The Poverty of Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), 90.
Nuclear Energy Vision,” Richard Nixon Foundation, October 20, 2016, https://www.nixonfoundation.org/2016/10/26948/. Also see David Baker, “Nuclear Power’s Last Stand in California: Will Diablo Canyon Die?” San Francisco November 14, 2015.
Stradling and Richard Stradling, Where the River Burned: Carl Stokes and the Struggle to Save Cleveland (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015). Also see Meir Rinde, “Richard Nixon and the Rise of Environmentalism,” June 2, 2017.
x.
Sewage System and the Price of Optimism,” August 1, 1969, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,901182,00.html.
and Stradling, Where the River 150–51.
Seuss, The Lorax (New York: Random House, 1971).
Nothing Smeary About Lake Erie Anymore,” Ohio Sea Grant, March 28, 2019, https://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/news/2019/abfir/lorax-lake-erie.
Clinton: Celebrating America’s Rivers,” American Heritage Rivers, July 30, 1998, https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/CEQ/Rivers/.
Johnston, “Cuyahoga Named River of the Year,” Cleveland Plain April 6, 2012.
Allen Murphy, Wild Bill: The Legend and Life of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 2003), 454.
Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971).
and Stradling, Where the River 150–51.
Jarvis, “Tilting the Axis: Kurt Vonnegut and the Environment,” The Daily Vonnegut, June 21, 2021, https://thedailyvonnegut.com/tilting-the-axis-kurt-vonnegut-and-the-environment-an-interview-with-christina-jarvis/.
P. Howe, Behind the Curve: Science and the Politics of Global Warming (Seattle: University of Washington Press), 47–55.
in Adam Rome, The Genius of Earth Day (New York: Macmillan, 2013), 57–54.
Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 78.
The Genius of Earth 67–72.
“The Last Days of the President.”
M. Nixon, “A Statement from President Nixon,” February 1970, 92.
R. Hansen, Dear Neil Armstrong: Letters to the First Man from All Mankind (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2020), 6.
Ashby and Rod Gramer, Fighting the Odds: The Life of Senator Frank Church (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1994), 346.
Dubos, So Human an Animal: How We Are Shaped by Surroundings and Events (New York: Scribner, 1968), 192.
Mailer, Of a Fire on the Moon (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), 186.
Hood and Jim Hill, CPR Colorado Public Radio, September 6, 2019, https://www.cpr.org/2019/09/06/remember-the-first-time-colorado-tried-fracking-with-a-nuclear-bomb/.
Ground Went Crazy’: Activists Remember Project Rulison 50 Years Later,” CBS Denver, September 10, 2019, https://denver.cbslocal.com/2019/09/10/project-rulison-nuclear-bomb-detonation/.
of Minor Damage Follow Underground Blast,” New York September 12, 1969.
Thomson, “Surviving the 1970s: The Case of Friends of the Earth,” Environmental History 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 235–56.
Brower, “David Brower’s Farewell,” Wild June–July 1969, http://npshistory.com/newsletters/the-wild-cascades/june-july-1969.pdf.
E. Davies, “Naturalists Get a Political Arm; Ex–Sierra Club Chief Gives Details on Voters League,” New York September 17, 1969.
Friends of the Earth, foei.org (March 2015).
McPhee, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1980), 5–244.
interview with Steve Chapple, April 7, 2022.
in M. Margaret McKeown, Citizen Justice: The Environmental Legacy of William O. Douglas, Public Advocate and Conservation Champion (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2022).
McCloskey, In the Thick of It: My Life in the Sierra Club (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005), 104.
D. Stone, Should Trees Have Standing?: Law, Morality and the Environment (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), xiv.
McKibben, Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out? (New York: Macmillan, 2019), 73.
Udall, 1976: Agenda for Tomorrow (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968), vii–viii, 30–31.
Bernstein, Guns or Butter: The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 542.
Nelson,” The Wilderness Society, https://www.wilderness.org/articles/article/gaylord-nelson.
P. Moynihan, memorandum to John Ehrlichman, September 17, 1969, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/documents/jul10/56.pdf.
Heffner, memorandum to Daniel P. Moynihan, January 26, 1970, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/virtuallibrary/documents/jul10/55.pdf.
Dougherty, “Van Nexx, William J. ‘Bill’ Jr., 1938–2017,” HistoryLink.org, July 20, 2011, https://historylink.org/File/9882.
interview with Russell Train.
Nixon, “Statement About the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969,” The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-about-the-national-environmental-policy-act-1969.
J. Lindstrom and Zachary A. Smith, The National Environmental Policy Act: Judicial Misconstruction, Legislative Indifference, and Executive Neglect (College Station, TX: A&M University Press, 2001), 139.
Environment Policy Act of 1969, 16 CFR, 1.82, section 4331, “Congressional Declaration of National Environmental Policy,” https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title42/chapter55&edition=prelim.
in Jack E. Davis, The Bald Eagle: The Improbable Journey of Bird (New York: W. W. Norton, 2022), 300.
Nixon and the 53.
C. Reinke, Lucy Swartz, and Lucinda Low Swartz, eds., The NEPA Reference Guide (Columbus, OH: Battelle Press, 1999), 88–90.
Environmental Policy Act, as amended, https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/nepa_statute.pdf.
in Wheeling and Ufberg, “The Ocean Is Boiling.”
Buccino, “Trump Imperils Key Environmental Law,” New York January 13, 2020, A27.
Thomas, Being Nixon: A Man Divided (New York: Random House, 2015), 252–53.
Ehrlichman, White House notes, October 23, 1969, Ehrlichman Papers, Hoover Institution, Stanford University.
Schaller and George Rising, The Republican Ascendancy: American Politics, 1968–2001 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2002), 29.
Being 253.
and Smith, The National Environmental Policy 3–4.
Chapter 30: Generation Earth Day, 1970–1971
Nixon, “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 22, 1970, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-the-congress-the-state-the-union-2.
in Meir Rinde, “Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism,” Distillations (June 2, 2017).
A. Farrell, Richard Nixon: The Life (New York: Doubleday, 2017), 380.
Brinkley, Cronkite (New York: HarperCollins, 2012), 432–36.
Kaye, “Grand Vision of Jetport Unrealized,” South Florida July 6, 1997.
C. Clark, “Politics Moved Nixon, but Fla. Reaped Environmental Benefits,” Orlando September 7, 2014.
K. Steen, “An Interview with Russell E. Train,” Forest History Society, 1993, https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Train_Russell_E.ohi_.pdf, 31–32.
B. Semple, Jr., “Everglades Jetport Barred by a U.S.-Florida Accord,” New York January 16, 1970.
Saving of the Everglades,” New York January 18, 1970.
Ruckelshaus, “A New Shade of Green,” Wall Street April 17, 2010.
Keith Caldwell, The Environmental Policy Act: An Agenda for the Future (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 32.
in Steve Johnson, World in Their Hands: Original Thinkers, Doers, Fighters, and the Future of Conservation (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2021), 151.
“Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 22, 1970.
Nixon, “Special Message to the Congress on Environmental Quality,” February 10, 1970, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-environmental-quality.
E. Gorn, “Russell E. Train: Oral History Interview,” May 5, 1992, US Environmental Protection Agency, https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/russell-e-train-oral-history-interview.html.
Nelson,” The Wilderness Society, https://www.wilderness.org/articles/article/gaylord-nelson.
Rome, The Genius of Earth Day (New York: Macmillan, 2013), 77.
interview with Denis Hayes, January 12, 2022.
Coordinator of Earth Day,” New York April 23, 1970, 30, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/23/archives/angry-coordinator-of-earth-day-denis-allen-hayes.html.
interview with Denis Hayes, January 12, 2022.
The Genius of Earth 91.
“Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism.”
Christofferson, The Man From Clear Lake: Earth Day Founder Senator Gaylord Nelson (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), 310.
of Earth Day,” CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/EVENTS/1996/earth_day/stories/history/index.html.
Bird, “Udall Says Nation Must Curb Growth to Spare Environment,” New York January 15, 1970, 6, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/16/archives/udall-says-nation-must-curb-growth-to-spare-environment.html.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 6, 2004.
Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), 313.
Brooks Flippen, Nixon and the Environment (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000), 9.
interview with William Ruckelshaus, August 4, 2011.
in J. Brooks Flippen, Conservative Conservationist: Russell E. Train and the Emergence of American Environmentalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 97.
Lelyveld, “Mood Is Joyful as City Gives Its Support; Millions Join Earth day Observations,” New York April 23, 1970, 1.
Hill, “Activity Ranges from Oratory to Legislation,” New York April 23, 1970, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/23/archives/activity-ranges-from-oratory-to-legislation-oratory-and-legislation.html.
Ruckelshaus, “New Solutions for New Environmental Problems,” Wall Street April 17, 2010, https://www.google.com/search?q=William+Ruckelshaus+%22EPA%22+wall+street+journal&oq=William+Ruckelshaus+%22EPA%22+wall+street+journal&aqs=chrome.69i57.11209j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8.
McCloskey, In the Thick of It: My Life in the Sierra Club (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005), 105.
G. Parsons, Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, District of Columbia/Maryland: General Plan (Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1976), 4.
The Man from Clear 3–6.
in Tim Palmer, Endangered Rivers and the Conservation Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 147.
Ashby and Rod Gramer, Fighting the Odds: The Life of Senator Frank Church (Seattle: Washington State University Press, 1994), 346.
interview with Mary Elizabeth “Liz” Carpenter, March 1, 2007.
V. Melosi, “Lyndon Johnson and Environmental Policy,” in The Johnson vol. 2, Vietnam, the Environment, and ed. Robert A. Divine (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1987), 113.
House Press Office, 6311-11a, April 22, 1970, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.
interview with Denis Hayes, April 22, 2022.
Oskin, “Earth Day, 1970: How President Nixon Spied on Earth Day,” Christian Science April 22, 2013, https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2013/0422/Earth-Day-1970-How-President-Nixon-spied-on-Earth-Day.
Reuther Dickmeyer, email to author, April 29, 2022.
H. Adams and Patricia Adams, A Force for Nature: The Story of the National Resources Defense Council and Its Fight to Save Our Planet (San Francisco: Chronicle Books), 12–30.
Sullivan, “Senator Founded Earth Day in 1970,” Washington July 4, 2005, A8.
Gaye, “Mercy, Mercy Me (The Ecology),” on Going 1971.
Dog Night, “Out in the Country,” on It 1970.
Mitchell, “Big Yellow Taxi,” on Ladies of the 1970.
The Genius of Earth 240.
259–60.
Weisberg, ed., Ecocide in Indochina: The Ecology of War (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1970).
in Meir Rinde, “Richard Nixon: The Rise of American Environmentalism.”
O’Keefe, “Ex–Interior Secretary Walter Hickel Dies at 90,” Washington May 8, 2010, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/federal-eye/2010/05/ex-interior_secretary_walter_h.html.
M. Naughton, “Nixon Proposes 2 New Agencies on Environment,” New York July 10, 1970, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/10/archives/nixon-proposes-2-new-agencies-on-environment-major-reshuffling.html.
A. Farber, “The Conservative as Environmentalist: From Goldwater and the Early Reagan to the 21st Century,” Arizona Law Review 59 (2017), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2919633.
T. Nelson, “Nixon’s Environmental Hero,” Seattle February 16, 1999, https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19990216&slug=2944577.
W. Kenworthy, “Sierra Club and Muskie Accuse the Administration of Disregarding New Environmental Policy Act,” New York February 22, 1970, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/22/archives/sierra-club-and-muskie-accuse-the-administration-of-disregarding.html.
interview with Russell Train, July 3, 2006.
Nixon, “Special Message to the Congress About Reorganization Plans to Establish the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration,” July 9, 1970, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-about-reorganization-plans-establish-the-environmental.
Nestor, Deep: Freediving, Renegade Science, and What the Ocean Tells Us About Ourselves (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014), 3.
D. Lyons, “5 Women Named Aquanaut Team,” New York March 3, 1970, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/03/archives/5-women-named-aquanaut-team-hickel-says-foreign-group-will-join.html.
Jolted by Quake but Habitat Is Undamaged,” New York July 9, 1970, 75, https://www.nytimes.com/1970/07/09/archives/aquanauts-jolted-by-quake-but-habitat-is-undamaged.html.
A. Earle, “The Sweet Spot in Time: Why the Ocean Matters to Everyone,” Virginia Quarterly Review 88, no. 4 (Fall 2012): 54–77, https://www.vqronline.org/essay/sweet-spot-time.
West Sellars, Preserving Nature in the National Parks (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 208.
Runte, Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness (Omaha: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), 202.
W. Childers, “The Stoneman Meadow Riots and Law Enforcement in Yosemite National Park,” Forest History Spring 2017, 28–34, https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Childers_Stoneman.pdf.
W. Childers, “The Stoneman Meadow Riots and the Problem of Law Enforcement,” blogwest.org.
A. Jones, “National Parks: A Report on the Range War at Generation Gap,” New York July 25, 1971, XX1.
Fisher to Richard Nixon, July 22, 1970, Yosemite National Park Archive (YNPA), E1 Portal, California.
“National Parks: A Report on the Range War at Generation Gap.”
“The Stoneman Meadow Riots and Law Enforcement in Yosemite National Park,” 32.
Rise of Anti-Ecology,” August 3, 1970.
“Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism.”
D. Ruckelshaus: Oral History Interview,” Environmental Protection Agency, 1993, https://archive.era.gov/epa/aboutepa/William-d-ruckelshaus-oral-history-interview.html/.
W. Collin, The Environmental Protection Agency: Cleaning Up Act (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006).
D. Ruckelshaus: Oral History Interview,” Environmental Protection Agency, 1993, https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/william-d-ruckelshaus-oral-history-interview.html.
D. Ruckelshaus, “Choosing our Common Future: Democracy’s True Test,” Fifth Annual John H. Chafee Memorial Lecture on Science and the Environment, February 3, 2005, National Council for Science and the Environment, https://www.gcseglobal.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/ChafeeMemorialLecture_2005.pdf.
EPA Turns 40, IU Professor Recalls Its Creation,” IU Newsroom, https://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/16660.html.
35 Years of the EPA with William D. Ruckelshaus,” Indiana University, https://oneill.indiana.edu/special/images/epa-35.pdf, 11–12.
interview with Dennis Hayes, April 22, 2022.
Rogers Morton,” New York November 27, 1970.
interview with Russell Train, July 3, 2006.
Rico, “The Final Battle: How the Taos Pueblo Indians Won Back Their Blue Lake Shrine,” http://newmexicohistory.org/2012/06/27/1970-taos-blue-lake-returned-to-pueblo/.
Return of Blue Lake,” https://taospueblo.com/blue-lake/.
Van Buren, “Taos Pueblo Celebrates 40th Anniversary of Blue Lake’s Return,” Taos September 18, 2010.
Griffith, “The Taos Indians Have a Small Generation Gap,” New York February 21, 1971.
Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993), 128.
Hall, “Interview with Barry Commoner,” Scientific June 23, 1997, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/interview-with-barry-comm/.
Mr. Ruckelshaus” (Sierra Club advertisem*nt), Los Angeles March 28, 1973, 18.
W. Colson (Special Counsel to the President), memorandum to Dwight Chapin (Special Assistant to the President), January 12, 1971, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Also see Brigham Daniels, Andrew P. Follett, and Joshua Davis, “The Making of the Clean Air Act,” Hastings Law Journal 71, no. 4 (2020), https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol71/iss4/3.
O. Douglas, The Three Hundred Year War: A Chronicle of Ecological Disaster (New York: Random House, 1972), 98.
O. Douglas, Farewell to Texas: A Vanishing Wilderness (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), vii–ix.
McPhee, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971), 158–59.
in David Dominick, The Nixon Environmental Agenda: An View of Republican Decision Making 1968–1972 (Conneaut Lake, PA: Page, 2020).
Gilio-Whitaker, As Long as Grass Grows: The Indigenous Fight for Environmental Justice, from Colonization to Standing Rock (Boston: Beacon Press, 2019), 19.
Nixon, “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 22, 1971, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/annual-message-the-congress-the-state-the-union-1.
Art & Archives, US House of Representatives, Office of the Historian, Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2008); “Creation and Evolution of the Congressional Black Caucus,” United States House of Representatives, https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/BAIC/Historical-Essays/Permanent-Interest/Congressional-Black-Caucus/.
Ronald V. Dellums to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, January 20, 1978, quoted in Tom Turner, David Brower: The Making of the Environmental Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015), 192.
Letter to President Nixon,” May 14, 1971, Box 27, Folder 10, David Brower Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. See also Jennifer Thompson, “Surviving the 1970s: The Case of Friends of the Earth,” Environmental History (2017), 236.
Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 12–185.
Berry, Wendell Berry: Essays, ed. Jack Shoemaker (New York: Library of America, 2019), 142.
Strand, “The Crying Indian,” https://orionmagazine.org/article/the-crying-indian/.
Eyes Cries,” United Press International, October 20, 1984, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/20/IRON-EYES-CRIES/4658467092800/.
“The Crying Indian.”
Eyes Cries,” United Press International, October 20, 1984, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/20/IRON-EYES-CRIES/4658467092800/.
J. Elmore, “The American Beverage Industry and the Development of Curbside Recycling Programs; 1950–2000,” Business History Review (August 2012), 477–501.
Nixon Foundation, “President Nixon’s Legacy of Parks,” April 24, 2020, https://www.nixonfoundation.org/2020/04/president-nixons-legacy-parks/.
Nixon, “Statement About the Legacy of Parks Program, January 7, 1974,” The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statements-about-the-legacy-parks-program-0.
Barnett, Mirage: Florida and the Vanishing Water of the Eastern U.S. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 77.
Nixon and the 156.
Chapter 31: Environmental Activism of 1972
Davis, When Smoke Ran like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle against Pollution (New York: Basic Books, 2002), 95.
R. Haldeman, “Unpublished Diaries,” Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, Yorba Linda, CA.
Charles Milazzo, Unlikely Environmentalists: Congress and Clean Water, 1945–1972 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 229.
Kline, First Along the River: A Brief History of the Environmental Movement (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), 89.
Seeks to Curb Leaded Gasoline,” New York February 23, 1972, 81.
B. Semple, Jr., “Great Lakes Pact Signed in Ottawa By Nixon, Trudeau,” New York April 16, 1972.
Hill, “Nixon and Trudeau to Sign an Agreement to Fight Great Lakes Pollution,” New York April 9, 1972.
interview with William Ruckelshaus, August 4, 2011.
M. Stern, The Buffalo Creek Disaster: How the Survivors of One of the Worst Disasters in Coal-Mining History Brought Suit Against the Coal Company—and Won (New York: Vintage Books, 2008).
on Buffalo Creek: A Citizens’ Report on Criminal Negligence in a West Virginia Mining Community (Charlestown, WV: np, 1972).
The Buffalo Creek 11.
Creek Flood of ’72: Why Environmental Disasters Are Nothing New in West Virginia,” Nomadic Politics, January 24, 2014, https://nomadicpolitics.blogspot.com/2014/01/buffalo-creek-flood-of-72-why.html.
on Buffalo Creek: A Citizens’ Report on Criminal Negligence in a West Virginia Mining Community (Charleston, WV: np, 1972), 10.
Compton to J. William Fulbright, March 16, 1972, quoted in Compton, The Battle for the Buffalo River: A Twentieth-Century Conservation Crisis in the Ozarks (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1992), 465.
Weeks, “Grande Dame of Conservation,” Fort Lauderdale June 8, 1979, 23.
Zaslowsky, “Along Arkansas’s Pristine Waterway,” New York September 12, 1993.
W. Kenworthy, “Environmental Act Irks House Panel,” New York April 30, 1972.
Udall and Jeff Stansbury, “Ecology Agency Head Has Blotted His Copy Book,” Bangor Daily April 1, 1971, 23.
States Congress, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, The Role of Science in Environmental Policy vol. 4 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2005), 128, https://archive.org/details/gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-109shrg38918.
R. Smith, “William D. Ruckelshaus, Who Refused to Join in Nixon’s ‘Saturday Night Massacre,’ Dies at 87,” Washington November 27, 2019.
Ruckelshaus, oral interview, https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/william-d-ruckelshaus-oral-history-interview.html.
handwritten comments on Daily News Summaries, June 15, 1972, in folder “Annotated News Summaries June 7–22, 1972,” 1 of 2, Box 40, President’s office files, WHSF, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum.
Hill, “Planning Completed for U.N. Environment Conference,” New York March 12, 1972.
A. Farber, “Environmental Congress Head Asks U.N. to Implement Plans,” New York October 20, 1972, 10.
Brooks Flippen, Nixon and the Environment (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000).
C. Esposito, Vanishing Air: The Ralph Nader Study Group Report on Air Pollution (New York: Grossman, 1970), 259–98.
N. Rickles, “Issues 1972,” New York October 14, 1972, 33, https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/14/archives/article-1-no-title.html.
Rosenthal, “Times Study: Debates Hurt McGovern,” New York June 8, 1972, 1.
J. B. Plater, The Snail Darter and the Dam: How Pork-Barrel Politics Endangered a Little Fish and Killed a River (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), 64.
Protect Dolphins,” New York May 30, 1972, 36.
Are Given Ratings for Environmental Voters,” New York October 22, 1972.
Janson, “The 1972 Campaign,” New York October 20, 1972.
Simon, “The Bipartisan Beginnings of the Clean Water Act,” Waterkeeper, January 30, 2019, https://waterkeeper.org/news/bipartisan-beginnings-of-clean-water-act/.
Nixon and the 182.
in Simon, “The Bipartisan Beginnings of the Clean Water Act.”
in ibid.
W. Kenworthy, “Clean-Water Bill Is Law Despite President’s Veto,” New York October 19, 1972, 26.
Rome, The Genius of Earth Day (New York: Macmillan, 2013), 73.
Simon, “The Co-Founder of Earth Day Recounts 50-Year Movement,” Daily Journal (San Mateo, CA), April 22, 2020.
M. Benck, Kathy Allen, et al., Fossil Butte National Monument: Natural Resource Condition Assessment (Fort Collins, CO: US Department of the Interior, 2017), 5–17.
W. Haury, The Hohoham: Dersert Farmers and Craftsmen (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976), ix, 150–55. The Hohokam Pima Monument is not open to the public.
Roman, Listed Dispatches from Endangered Species 50–51.
Zone Management Act,” Office for Coastal Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, https://coast.noaa.gov/czm/act/.
Nixon and the 178.
Walker, The Country in the City: The Greening of the San Francisco Bay Area (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008), 94.
95.
in John Jacobs, A Rage for Justice: The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 351.
interview with Russell Train, July 3, 2006.
McPhee, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971).
Bullard, Cumberland Island: A History (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003), 12–13; see also Lary M. Dilsaver, Cumberland Island National Seashore: A History in Conservation Conflict (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004).
Brooks Flippen, Nixon and the Environment (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000), 184.
Epilogue: Last Leaves on the Tree
in Rose Houk, Home: Lyndon B. Hill Country (Tucson: Western National Parks Association, 1986), 31.
Baines Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969 (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 336.
Bird Johnson and Carlton B. Lees, Wildflowers Across America (New York: Abbeville Press, 1988), 12.
C. Gould, “Lady Bird Johnson and Beautification,” in The Johnson vol. 2, Vietnam, the Environment, and ed. Robert A. Divine (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1987), 172.
First Lady,” Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at University of Texas at Austin, August 1, 2007, https://www.wildflower.org/magazine/people/environmental-first-lady.
M. Nixon, “Second Inaugural Address of Richard Milhous Nixon,” January 20, 1973, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/nixon2.asp.
Nixon to author, October 27, 2020.
Species Act of 1973, as Amended Through 2018 (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, 2018), 1.
interview with Russell Train, July 3, 2006.
V. Barrow, Ghosts: Confronting Extinction from the Age of Jefferson to the Age of Ecology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 338–40.
M. Talbot, Ph.D.,” Endangered Species Coalition, https://www.endangered.org/campaigns/wild-success-endangered-species-act-at-40/lee-m-talbot/.
interview with Russell Train, July 3, 2006.
Saldana, “California’s Military Bases ‘Last Frontiers for Wildlife,’” Los Angeles January 30, 1973, 31.
About Richard Nixon’s Legacy of Parks Program!” Richard Nixon Library and Museum, April 27, 2020, https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/news/learn-about-president-nixons-legacy-parks-program#:~:text=Celebrating%20National%20Park%20Week%3A&text=That%20was%20a%20time%20when,the%20Legacy%20of%20Parks%20program.
in Zygmunt J. B. Plater, The Snail Darter and the Dam: How Pork-Barrel Politics Endangered a Little Fish and Killed a River (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), 65.
Nixon, “State of the Union Message to the Congress on Natural Resources and the Environment,” February 15, 1973, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/state-the-union-message-the-congress-natural-resources-and-the-environment.
Lissner, “Environmentalists Fear a Shift to Coal,” New York December 9, 1973, 70, https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/09/archives/environmentalists-fear-a-shift-to-coal-litter-problem-found-wasted.html.
Hill, “There Have Been Some Setbacks, But the Damage Isn’t Permanent,” New York December 23, 1973, 106.
Winston, “Science, Practice, and Policy: The Committee on Rare and Endangered Wildlife Species Policy, 1956–1973” (PhD, Arizona State University, May 2011).
Nixon, “Statement on Signing the Endangered Species Act of 1973,” December 28, 1973, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-signing-the-endangered-species-act-1973.
the World’s Wildlife,” Washington February 19, 1973; see also Shannon Peterson, Acting for Endangered Species: The Statutory Ark (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2002), 30.
McNulty, The Whooping Crane: The Bird That Defies Extinction (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1966); McNulty, Must They Die?: The Strange Case of the Prairie Dog and the Black-Footed Ferret (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971).
Endangered Act,” Washington December 29, 2003, A16.
339–42.
W. Doughty, Return of the Whooping Crane (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), 84.
Kushlan, director of Patuxent Wildlife Resarch Center, to Douglas Brinkley, May 2, 2022.
Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Delisting 23 Species from Endangered Species Act Due to Extinction,” US Department of the Interior, September 29, 2021, https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/us-fish-and-wildlife-service-proposes-delisting-23-species-endangered-species-act-due.
in J. Brooks Flippen, Conservative Conservationist: Russell E. Train and the Emergence of American Environmentalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 156.
R. Ford, “President Gerald R. Ford’s Proclamation 4311, Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon,” September 8, 1974, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum, https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740061.asp.
interview with Peter Ehrlichman, May 29, 2022
Garment, “John Ehrlichman: Other Legacy,” New York February 17, 1999.
Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978).
Crowley, Nixon in Winter (New York: Random House, 1998).
Conservative 89.
E. Bishop, “Russell Train,” in George A. Cevasco and Richard P. Hammond, Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical Encyclopedia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), 505–9.
interview with William Ruckelshaus, August 4, 2011.
D. McFadden, “William Ruckelshaus, Who Quit in ‘Saturday Night Massacre,’ Dies at 87,” New York November 27, 2019.
of William D. Ruckelshaus: First Term,” US Environmental Protection Agency, https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/biography-william-d-ruckelshaus-first-term.html.
in Otis L. Graham, Jr., Presidents and the American Environment (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015), 243.
Charlton, “Officials and Nature Join to Hail Justice Douglas,” New York May 18, 1977, 27.
Cohen, “The Man Who Saved the C&O Canal,” Washington May 22, 1977, 25.
Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 206.
interview with Denis Hayes, April 6, 2022.
Ashby and Rod Gramer, Fighting The Odds: The Life of Senator Frank Church (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1984).
Presidents and the American 242–43.
Crowley to author, April 29, 2022.
Sweig, Lady Bird Johnson: Hiding in Plain Sight (New York: Random House, 2021), 424.
Raymond Einberger, With Distance in His Eyes: The Environmental Life and Legacy of Stewart Udall (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2018).
L. Udall, The Quiet Crisis and the Next Generation (Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1991), 275–62.
L. Udall, The Myths of August: A Personal Exploration of Our Tragic Cold War Affair with the Atom (New York: Pantheon, 1994), 30.
chapter 11 title.
G. Smith, Stewart L. Udall: Steward of the Land (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2017), 316–17.
With Distance in His 240–51.
Stewart L. 318.
Exposure Compensation Act,” Public Law 101-426, October 15, 1990.
interview with Stewart Udall, September 7, 2009.
and Lee Udall, “A Message to Our Grandchildren,” High Country March 31, 2008, https://www.hcn.org/issues/367/17613.
